Immunology Workbook PDF

Immunology Workbook Teamwork Improving Kindness Safety Answer copy 1 Introduction This workbook is to be used in conjunction with your sessions on Immunology.  The premise of the first session (Introduction to...

Immunology Workbook Teamwork Improving Kindness Safety Answer copy 1 Introduction This workbook is to be used in conjunction with your sessions on Immunology.  The premise of the first session (Introduction to Immunology) is for you to complete the tasks in a self-directed way  Work through each PowerPoint slide and follow the instructions  There are links to documents and research articles which will enable you to gain knowledge of this subject and to complete the tasks as you proceed  You are encouraged to use various methods of notetaking such as spider diagrams/pictures/tables to help you build up your Immunology notes  It is important that you complete and have your notes in preparation for the next session in order that knowledge of the subject matter is consolidated. You will need to complete the workbook to meet the intended learning outcomes: By the end of this session students should be able to:  Define immunology and recognise the terminology associated with it  Describe the natural defence systems of the body  Identify the components and functions of the non-specific (innate) and adaptive (acquired) immune systems  Differentiate between non-specific (innate) and adaptive (acquired) immunity  Recognise and list the cells of the non-specific immune system and the adaptive immune system 1. 1. Read the following article up to (10 of 14) ‘Antibody-mediated vs. cell-mediated immunity’ (15 minutes) 2 An introduction to immunology and immunopathology Jean S. Marshall, Richard Warrington, Wade Watson and Harold L. Kim (2018) An introduction to immunology and immunopathology (biomedcentral.com) 2. Research and make own notes/spider diagram/memory map on the organs and tissues of the Immune System (15 minutes) What are the organs of the immune system? - InformedHealth.org - NCBI Bookshelf (nih.gov) https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology https://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/learn-immuno-oncology/the-immune- system/components-of-the-immune-system 3 Term Meaning Example Worksheet 1) Notate and review the terminology associated with immunology: Continue to add to this when you encounter new terminology. You may use details from resources given/conduct own research 4 Microbe Microscopic organisms which reside in Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, water, soil and air.... Some microbes are Viruses, parasites pathogenic, others are important for our health- commensal. Any substance that is able to cause an bacteria, chemicals, toxins, viruses, pollen Antigen immune response in the body. Reacts specifically with the resultant antibodies and/or cells generated Cytokine A type of protein that impacts the immune Interleukins, Lymphokines, Monokines, Interferons (IFN), colony system by either ramping it up or slowing it stimulating factors (CSF), Chemokines and a variety of other proteins. down. Type-1 cytokines are cytokines produced by Th1 T-helper cells; Type-2 Cytokines can occur naturally in the body or cytokines are those produced by Th2 T-helper cells. be produced in a laboratory Antibody Special proteins created by white blood cells IgA (immunoglobulin A) 2 forms: Secretory IgA is found in the linings of Also referred to as (activated B cells) that can kill or weaken the respiratory tract & digestive system, saliva, tears, and breast milk Immunoglobulin infection-causing organisms. Antibodies (colostrum). Known as the antiseptic paint of mucous membranes. Can (Ig) travel through the blood stream looking for activate the complement system in the presence of lysosome to kill specific pathogens. certain organisms. The body can create new antibodies in Serum IgA cannot activate complement system. response to new pathogens or vaccines. IgD (immunoglobulin D) Found in blood in low levels; cannot activate the Also referred to as immunoglobulin (Ig). complement system. Approximately half of antigen specific receptors on B lymphocyte membranes are composed of IgD antibodies IgE (immunoglobulin E) Found in serum- small amounts. Most IgE is attached to mast cells & basophils (granulocytes). High levels of IgE found on those with allergies (e.g asthma/hayfever) IgG (immunoglobulinG) Most common antibody in blood/tissue fluid 5  (75%) of total serum immunoglobin level. Defends against diffusing toxins and spreading microbes, IgG response found mainly to occur in the secondary immune response. Effective opsonins. Maternal IgG is transferred across placenta, giving passive protection to new borns for 4-6/12) IgM (immunoglobulin M) Largest of the immunoglobulin molecules; usually earliest antibody response in a primary immune response; short lived. Phagocyte Phagocytes eat up pathogens by attaching to Monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, dendritic cells and wrapping around the pathogen to engulf it. Once the pathogen is trapped inside the phagocyte, it is in a compartment called a phagosome. The phagosome will then merge with a lysosome or granule to form a phagolysosome, where the pathogen is killed by toxic materials, such as antimicrobial agents, enzymes, nitrogen oxides or other proteins. Proteins (in the Large molecules composed of one or more Antibodies immune system) chains of amino acids in a specific order Signalling proteins- cytokines determined by the base sequence of Complement proteins nucleotides in the DNA coding for the protein. 6 Opsonins Substances present in serum which promote IgG antibody phagocytosis of bacteria (act as ‘markers’). C3b molecule of the complement system Opsonize The capacity of antibodies and complement components (as well as other proteins) to coat dangerous antigens that can then be recognized by antibodies or complement receptors on phagocytic cells.... The opsonins act as markers or tags that allow recognition by the immune system of the body Phagocytosis Phagocytosis, process by which certain living Neutrophil phagocytosing a bacterium cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles. Apoptosis A type of cell death in which a series of Also called programmed cell death. molecular steps in a cell lead to its death. This is one method the body uses to get rid of unneeded or abnormal cells. The process of apoptosis may be blocked in cancer cells. Antigen Presenting Cells which process protein antigens into Macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells cell peptides- these can then be presented to T- cell receptors on the cell surface. Complement Part of innate immune system response, 3 different pathways: system playing an important role in host defence and  Classical pathway inflammation. The complement system  Alternative pathway 7  consists of a group of protein molecules  Lectin pathway found circulating in the blood stream & body tissues (humoral), which activate each other rapidly in a sequential cascade. This results in lysis of foreign and infected cells, phagocytosis of foreign particles and cell debris and inflammation of surrounding tissue. PMNs A type of white blood cell (WBC) Examples: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells.(also Polymorphonuclear known as granulocytes) leukocytes Function: They play a major role in the innate immune system- protect the body from infectious organisms Worksheet 2) Cells of the Immune System: Cell Type White Derived from Differentiate into/ Innate or Functions Main targets blood also known as: Adaptive immune cell system (Y/N) 8 Macrophage Mononuclear yes Monocytes- -Kupffer cells-liver Innate -Phagocytosis Various leukocytes turn into -Histiocytes – -Antigen presentation -Destroy old, damaged macrophages connective tissue to T cells and dead cells in the Phagocyte when they exit -Recruit other body the bloodstream Largest of the WBC’s phagocytic cells by releasing cytokines (thereby initiating inflammation) Neutrophils Granulocyte yes myeloblast Most common white innate -Phagocytosis -Bacteria blood cell. -Degranulation -Fungi Phagocyte (discharge of contents Also called of a cell) polymorphonuclear -Also release burst of (PMN) super oxides that have ability to kill many bacteria at same time Eosinophils Granulocyte yes myeloblast innate -Degranulation -Parasites -Release of enzymes, -Various allergic growth factor and reactions cytokines Basophils Granulocyte yes myeloblast innate -Degranulation -Various allergic -Release of histamine, reactions enzymes, and -Secrete cytokines anticoagulants (heparin) thus promoting mobility of other WBCs by preventing clotting. -secrete antibodies that have function 9  against hypersensitivity reactions in the bloodstream -histamine released in response to antibodies which dilates blood vessels bringing more immune cells to area of injury Mast Cells Granulocyte yes Derived from Released in the Innate Once activated- -Host defence to bone marrow blood and only release wide variety parasitic infection myeloid stem mature once Located at of inflammatory (Granules cell recruited into the boundaries mediators (cytokines) -Allergic reaction are rich in tissue where final between the from various antigens: histamine differentiation takes tissue and allergens, pathogens and heparin) place (specific to external and physiological destination site) environment mediators Dendritic Mononuclear yes Derived from Link innate and -Most potent type of -Capture and process Cells leukocytes monocytes. adaptive antigen-presenting antigens immunity- act as cells Found in nodes messengers -key regulator of and spleen. between the two. immune system -Switch on cell surface receptors which activate immature T cells and stimulate growth and differentiation of B cells to kick start the adaptive immune response. Cell Type White Derived from Differentiate into/ Innate or Functions Main targets 10  blood also known as: Adaptive immune cell system (Y/N) Lymphocytes Mononuclear yes Lymphoblast Differentiate into Innate -T Helper cells (Th) -Th cells: intracellular (T Cells) leukocytes antigen-specific & (CD4+) immune bacteria Mature in the effector cell Most adaptive response mediators -Cytotoxic T cells: virus thymus immune infected and tumour T Helper cells (Th) responses are -Cytotoxic T cells cells Cytotoxic T cells triggered when a (CD8+) cell -Natural Killer cells: recirculating T cell destruction virus infected and recognizes its tumour cells specific antigen Mainly involved with on the surface of cell-mediated a dendritic cell. immunity (independent of B cells) T cells essential for helping B cells respond to antigen. Mononuclear yes Lymphoblast Differentiate into: Adaptive, -Production of -Foreign antigens Lymphocytes leukocytes -Plasma cells: humoral/antibody antibodies (B cells) Mature in the antibody-secreting mediated -Memory cells bone marrow cells response. Involved with -Memory (effector) secondary immune cells response 11 Task: Distinctions between innate and acquired immunity Characteristic Innate immunity Adaptive immunity Specific/non specific Non-specific Specific Time Immediate/hours Days/weeks Antigen dependant Non-antigen dependant Antigen dependant Memory No Yes 12 Worksheet 3) Describe the barriers of the innate immune system. Give the mechanism for each example. Which barriers are associated with the oral cavity? Description of Barrier Mechanism Example barrier Anatomic:  Skin Initial mechanical barrier- Externally all over stops influx of pathogens body  Mucous -Normal flora compete with -mucous membrane membrane microbes for attachment sites sites. -Mucous entraps foreign -nose microbes -Cilia propel microbes out of body - respiratory tract Physiological:  Temperature -Body temperature/fever body response can inhibit pathogen proliferation 13   Low pH -acidic pH kills most Stomach undigested pathogens (hydrochloric acid)  Chemical -Lysozyme cleaves (disrupts) -Tears mediators bacterial cell wall -Interferon induces antiviral defences in uninfected cells -Complement lyses pathogens or facilitates phagocytosis Lysozyme and histatine -saliva (antimicrobial peptide) Phagocytic/endocytic  e.g. -Some immune cells break At site of (internalise) macrophages down foreign macroglobules. entry/pathogen  dendritic cells targeted sites within  neutrophils -Others internalise and the body phagocytose, kill and digest whole organisms Inflammatory  e.g. Tissue damage/infection Site of damage recruitment of induce vascular fluid to leak- externally/ internally blood contains serum protein- leucocytes antibacterial activity leading  release of to influx of phagocytic cells cytokines and 14  chemokines into infection site  histamine 15 16 17