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Questions and Answers
Which system is particularly effective at killing many bacteria?
Which system is particularly effective at killing many bacteria?
Complement proteins circulate in the blood in ________ form.
Complement proteins circulate in the blood in ________ form.
inactive
What are the outcomes of complement activation? Choose the correct option.
What are the outcomes of complement activation? Choose the correct option.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that activates innate immune cells in joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that activates innate immune cells in joints.
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What are the three levels of protection mentioned in the key concepts of the immune system?
What are the three levels of protection mentioned in the key concepts of the immune system?
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What are the two primary lymphoid tissues mentioned in the immune system anatomy?
What are the two primary lymphoid tissues mentioned in the immune system anatomy?
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Neutrophils are known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Neutrophils are known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
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________ cells are responsible for vasodilation and increased capillary permeability during inflammation.
________ cells are responsible for vasodilation and increased capillary permeability during inflammation.
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Which cells can present fragments of phagocytosed antigen to helper T cells?
Which cells can present fragments of phagocytosed antigen to helper T cells?
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What are the three levels of protection outlined in the Key Concepts?
What are the three levels of protection outlined in the Key Concepts?
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What is the most abundant white blood cell referred to as?
What is the most abundant white blood cell referred to as?
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Macrophages and dendritic cells are examples of antigen-presenting cells.
Macrophages and dendritic cells are examples of antigen-presenting cells.
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____ are specialized to kill parasites.
____ are specialized to kill parasites.
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Which system is evolutionarily old and particularly effective at killing many bacteria?
Which system is evolutionarily old and particularly effective at killing many bacteria?
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The Complement System circulates in the blood in an active form.
The Complement System circulates in the blood in an active form.
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______ proteins circulate in the blood in an inactive form.
______ proteins circulate in the blood in an inactive form.
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Match the following outcomes of complement activation:
Match the following outcomes of complement activation:
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What is an anaphylotoxin?
What is an anaphylotoxin?
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Which pathway in the Complement System is antibody dependent?
Which pathway in the Complement System is antibody dependent?
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Study Notes
The Immune System
- The immune system protects the entire body from invading pathogens and detects and kills virus-infected or cancer cells.
- Immune cells and mediators reside in tissues and travel between tissues through circulation and lymphatic vessels, distinguishing between "self" and "nonself" cells.
Three Levels of Protection
- Skin and mucosal barriers: provide physical barriers against pathogens.
- Innate immunity: includes nonselective macrophages and neutrophils that can immediately phagocytose and kill pathogens, as well as the complement system.
- Adaptive immunity: consists of effectors such as B cells and antibody secretion, and cytotoxic T cells, which are promoted by helper T cells.
Cells of Inflammation
- Myeloid cells: include granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes that become macrophages).
- Lymphoid cells: include B cells and T cells, with T cells further subdivided into many classes.
Mediators of Inflammation
- Histamine: involved in allergic reactions.
- Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: involved in inflammation.
- Cytokines: signaling molecules involved in inflammation and immune responses.
- Chemotactic factors: attract immune cells to sites of inflammation.
- Acute phase proteins: produced in response to inflammation.
Immune Disorders
- Hypersensitivity reactions: overactive immune responses to normally innocuous stimuli.
- Autoimmune disorders: destructive immune responses to self molecules, cells, and tissues.
- Examples: allergy, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus.
Three Lines of Immune Defense
- Barriers: skin and mucous membranes.
- Innate immunity: nonspecific, rapid onset.
- Adaptive immunity: specific, slow onset, long-lasting.
Hematopoiesis
- Myeloid lineage: granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes that become macrophages).
- Lymphoid lineage: B cells and T cells.
Antecedents of Adaptive Immunity
- Gene rearrangement precedes transcription and translation of B cell receptors (BCR) and T cell receptors (TCR).
- V(D)J recombination: the process of gene rearrangement.
Generation of a BCR/Antibody
- Step 1: Initial heavy (H) and light (L) chain gene structures with many possible segments.
- Step 2: Rearranged genes in final configuration.
- Step 3: Protein product of rearranged gene becomes the B cell receptor, which later becomes the secreted antibody.
Innate Immune Cells
- Neutrophils: most abundant white blood cell, primarily involved in acute inflammation and phagocytosis.
- Mast cells: involved in allergic reactions and inflammation.
- Macrophages: professional phagocytes involved in the removal of foreign substances and apoptotic cells.
- Dendritic cells: involved in antigen presentation to T cells.
Sequence of Acute Inflammation
- Detection of danger: by cellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in tissue and sentinel cells (mast cells and macrophages).
- Activation of sentinel cells: by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
- Recruitment of leukocytes: to the site of inflammation.
- Healing and resolution: of inflammation.
Innate Immune/Antigen-Presenting Cells
- Macrophages and dendritic cells: able to present fragments of phagocytosed antigen to helper T cells.
Complement System
- Recognition of pathogen features: by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).
- Activation of complement proteins: through the classical, alternative, or lectin pathways.
- Membrane attack complex (MAC): forms a pore in the bacterial membrane, leading to lysis.
Chronic Inflammation
- Rheumatoid arthritis: an autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation in joints, perpetuated by Th1 and Th17 immune responses.
The Immune System
- The immune system protects the entire body from invading pathogens and detects and kills virus-infected or cancer cells.
- Immune cells and mediators reside in tissues and travel between tissues through circulation and lymphatic vessels, distinguishing between "self" and "nonself" cells.
Three Levels of Protection
- Skin and mucosal barriers: provide physical barriers against pathogens.
- Innate immunity: includes nonselective macrophages and neutrophils that can immediately phagocytose and kill pathogens, as well as the complement system.
- Adaptive immunity: consists of effectors such as B cells and antibody secretion, and cytotoxic T cells, which are promoted by helper T cells.
Cells of Inflammation
- Myeloid cells: include granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes that become macrophages).
- Lymphoid cells: include B cells and T cells, with T cells further subdivided into many classes.
Mediators of Inflammation
- Histamine: involved in allergic reactions.
- Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: involved in inflammation.
- Cytokines: signaling molecules involved in inflammation and immune responses.
- Chemotactic factors: attract immune cells to sites of inflammation.
- Acute phase proteins: produced in response to inflammation.
Immune Disorders
- Hypersensitivity reactions: overactive immune responses to normally innocuous stimuli.
- Autoimmune disorders: destructive immune responses to self molecules, cells, and tissues.
- Examples: allergy, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus.
Three Lines of Immune Defense
- Barriers: skin and mucous membranes.
- Innate immunity: nonspecific, rapid onset.
- Adaptive immunity: specific, slow onset, long-lasting.
Hematopoiesis
- Myeloid lineage: granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes that become macrophages).
- Lymphoid lineage: B cells and T cells.
Antecedents of Adaptive Immunity
- Gene rearrangement precedes transcription and translation of B cell receptors (BCR) and T cell receptors (TCR).
- V(D)J recombination: the process of gene rearrangement.
Generation of a BCR/Antibody
- Step 1: Initial heavy (H) and light (L) chain gene structures with many possible segments.
- Step 2: Rearranged genes in final configuration.
- Step 3: Protein product of rearranged gene becomes the B cell receptor, which later becomes the secreted antibody.
Innate Immune Cells
- Neutrophils: most abundant white blood cell, primarily involved in acute inflammation and phagocytosis.
- Mast cells: involved in allergic reactions and inflammation.
- Macrophages: professional phagocytes involved in the removal of foreign substances and apoptotic cells.
- Dendritic cells: involved in antigen presentation to T cells.
Sequence of Acute Inflammation
- Detection of danger: by cellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in tissue and sentinel cells (mast cells and macrophages).
- Activation of sentinel cells: by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
- Recruitment of leukocytes: to the site of inflammation.
- Healing and resolution: of inflammation.
Innate Immune/Antigen-Presenting Cells
- Macrophages and dendritic cells: able to present fragments of phagocytosed antigen to helper T cells.
Complement System
- Recognition of pathogen features: by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).
- Activation of complement proteins: through the classical, alternative, or lectin pathways.
- Membrane attack complex (MAC): forms a pore in the bacterial membrane, leading to lysis.
Chronic Inflammation
- Rheumatoid arthritis: an autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation in joints, perpetuated by Th1 and Th17 immune responses.
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Description
This quiz accompanies Chapter 6 of Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology, covering the immune system and leukocyte function. Assess your understanding of key concepts in immune cells and their functions.
