Introduction to Carbohydrates and Bioethanol
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Questions and Answers

What was the main purpose of transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas?

  • To promote cultural exchange
  • To provide labor for plantation agriculture (correct)
  • To support revolutionary movements
  • To establish trade relations

The Middle Passage was characterized by humane conditions for those enslaved.

False (B)

What is the primary global source of commercial sugar?

sugar cane

The sugar beet is a biennial crop harvested after ___ years.

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which commodity was NOT produced on plantations where enslaved Africans worked?

<p>Rice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions.

<p>Middle Passage = Transport of enslaved Africans to the Americas Sugar Cane = Largest global source of sugar Bioethanol = Fuel produced from Brazilian sugar cane Sugar Beet = Biennial crop developed in Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country is not listed as a major producer of table sugar from sugar beets?

<p>Brazil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British slave trade ended with the Emancipation Act of 1834.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of sucrose is present in modern high-yielding sugar beet cultivars?

<p>18-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Corn syrup is primarily composed of sucrose.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used to make brown palm sugar?

<p>Boiling the sap</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sugary sap from tropical palms can be fermented to produce _________.

<p>alcoholic palm wine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following palm species with their characteristics:

<p>Sugar Palm = Produces around 150 kg of sugar annually Palmyra Palm = Known for producing jaggery and toddy wine Fishtail Palm = From tropical Asia Mokola Palm = Found in South and North Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much sap can a single Palmyra Palm produce over four years?

<p>Over 100,000 liters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sap from sugar palms is collected from the female flower clusters.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one tropical palm species that is tapped for sugar production.

<p>Sugar Palm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sugars is a disaccharide?

<p>Maltose (B), Cellulose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellulose is easily digestible by humans.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural component of plant cell walls?

<p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Starch is made of glucose units linked by __________ glycosidic bonds.

<p>alpha (α)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Sucrose = A common disaccharide found in table sugar Amylase = Enzyme that breaks down starch Bioethanol = Renewable energy source from plants Cellulose = Main component of plant cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of starch?

<p>Easily digestible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethanol is produced from the fermentation of sugar.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms can digest cellulose due to symbiotic microorganisms in their guts?

<p>Ruminants (e.g., cows, termites)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy balance of bioethanol production?

<p>The ratio of bioethanol energy produced to energy required for its manufacturing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brazil's sugar cane facilities achieve a lower energy balance compared to U.S. corn starch facilities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary source of bioethanol in Brazil is __________.

<p>sugar cane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages of the Sugar Triangle trade with their descriptions:

<p>Europe to Africa = Manufactured goods were traded for enslaved Africans Africa to Caribbean = Enslaved Africans were transported to work on plantations Caribbean to Europe = Sugars and molasses were shipped to Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Switchgrass and hybrid poplar are considered ideal crops for bioethanol production due to their low cellulose content.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total amount of bioethanol produced per hectare by Brazilian sugar cane plantations?

<p>5,300-6,500 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region is known for being the largest global producer of maple sugar?

<p>Québec (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stevia is a type of artificial sweetener.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary compound in miracle berry that alters taste?

<p>miraculin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maple sugar is produced by boiling and concentrating sap from the __________ tree.

<p>sugar maple</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the natural sweetener to its primary characteristic:

<p>Stevia = Contains steviol glycosides Miracle Berry = Alters the taste of food Maple Sugar = Produced from the sap of a tree Erythritol = Naturally occurring sugar alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sweetness factor of stevioside compared to sucrose?

<p>300 times sweeter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Artificial sweeteners like aspartame are allowed to be marketed freely in Canada.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which country does Stevia dominate nearly half of the sweetener market?

<p>Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plant is jicama classified as?

<p>Herbaceous vine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the jicama plant is primarily utilized for consumption?

<p>Tuberous root (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which regions of the world is jicama most widely grown and utilized?

<p>Asia and Latin America (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process used before consuming jicama after harvesting?

<p>Peeling and cutting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic accurately describes jicama's lifespan?

<p>Perennial plant, living longer than two years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family does the Jatropha curcas plant belong to?

<p>Euphorbiaceae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plant is Jatropha curcas classified as?

<p>Woody shrub (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For what primary economic purpose is Jatropha curcas cultivated?

<p>Biodiesel production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following steps in processing Jatropha seeds occurs last?

<p>Refining (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the processing of Jatropha seeds?

<p>Harvesting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plant is myrrh classified as?

<p>Woody tree (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the myrrh plant is primarily used commercially?

<p>Resin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process of harvesting myrrh resin?

<p>Selection of Trees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is myrrh resin transformed after being collected?

<p>It hardens into solid 'tears'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to extract essential oils from myrrh resin?

<p>Distillation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Monosaccharide

The simplest form of sugar, a single sugar molecule like glucose or fructose.

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides linked together, like sucrose (table sugar) which is glucose and fructose.

Glycosidic Bond

The chemical bond that joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide or a larger polysaccharide.

Starch

A complex carbohydrate made of long chains of glucose units linked by alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds.

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Cellulose

Another complex carbohydrate made of glucose units linked by beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds, making it difficult for most organisms to digest.

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Amylase

An enzyme that breaks down starch into simpler sugars like maltose and glucose.

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Bioethanol

A renewable biofuel made by fermenting plant sugars into ethanol, a two-carbon alcohol.

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Anaerobic Fermentation

The process used to produce bioethanol, where yeast breaks down sugar in the absence of oxygen.

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Middle Passage

The brutal journey of enslaved Africans transported across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas during the Transatlantic slave trade.

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Triangular Trade

A system of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, where goods and enslaved people were exchanged.

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Sugar Production

The process of cultivating sugar cane, extracting juice, and refining it into sugar.

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Conditions on Sugar Plantations

The harsh and often deadly conditions faced by enslaved people working on sugar plantations.

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Sugar Beet

A temperate crop grown for its sugar content, which is extracted and refined to produce sugar.

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Sugar Beet Development

The development of sugar beet as a source of sugar in Europe, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Sugar Beet Cultivars

Different varieties of sugar beet, bred for high sugar content and yield.

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Sugar Beet's Role in Sugar Production

A significant source of sugar production in Europe and other temperate regions.

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Energy Balance in Bioethanol

The ratio of bioethanol energy produced to the energy required for its manufacture. It indicates the efficiency of bioethanol production.

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Efficient Bioethanol Production

Achieving a high energy balance, meaning more energy is produced from bioethanol than is used to make it.

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What makes bioethanol production inefficient?

Low energy balances, meaning the energy obtained from bioethanol production is only slightly higher than the energy used.

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Why does Brazil have a higher energy balance?

They use sugarcane, which yields a higher energy balance compared to corn starch used in the US. They also burn bagasse for electricity, further increasing their energy balance.

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What is a 'Sugar Triangle'?

A trade route involving Europe, Africa, and the Caribbean, where enslaved Africans were traded for sugar and molasses.

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What is 'Bagasse'?

The residue from sugarcane processing, which can be used as a fuel source to generate electricity.

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Why are non-tropical species not ideal?

Non-tropical species like switchgrass and poplar have high cellulose content, making them less efficient for bioethanol production than sugarcane. They require further innovation to convert their cellulose into sugar.

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What is Cellulose?

A complex carbohydrate found in plant cell walls, which is used as a source of energy. Bioethanol production from cellulose requires specialized technologies to break it down into sugar.

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Sugar Beet Production

Sugar beets are a major source of table sugar, accounting for 20-25% of the global supply. Major producers include Russia, Ukraine, France, Germany, and the United States.

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Corn Syrup Production

Corn syrup is made from cornstarch through enzymatic fermentation. It primarily consists of glucose and fructose, not sucrose.

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Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata)

The sugar palm is a large palm native to tropical East Asia that produces sugar and palm wine. Sap is collected by cutting off male flower clusters and boiled to concentrate it.

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Palmyra Palm (Borassus flabellifer)

The palmyra palm grows up to 30 meters tall and is native to dry tropical regions of India and Southeast Asia. Male plants are tapped for their sugary sap, producing "jaggery", while females produce edible fruit.

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Palm Wine

Fermented sap from various palm species is known as palm wine.

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Sugar Production Process

Sugar from palm sap is made by boiling it to concentrate the sugars. This process is common across various palm species used for sugar production.

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Glucose-Fructose Syrup

Glucose-fructose syrups are made from high starch sources like corn, wheat, rice, and potatoes.

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Tropical Palms as Sugar Sources

Several tropical palm species are local sources of sugar. Their sap is tapped, concentrated into syrup, and dried. This sugar is often used locally, with a small export market.

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Maple Sugar

A sweetener made from the concentrated sap of maple trees, primarily the sugar maple (Acer saccharum).

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Sweetener

A substance that provides sweetness without being a sugar itself. It's not absorbed by the body and often used as a sugar substitute.

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Stevia

A natural sweetener extracted from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant, a perennial herb from Paraguay.

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Steviol Glycosides

The active sweeteners found in stevia leaves, responsible for their intense sweetness. Examples include stevioside and rebaudioside.

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Miracle Berry

A tropical fruit containing a glycoprotein called miraculin, which alters the taste buds, making sour and salty foods taste sweet.

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Miraculin

A glycoprotein found in the miracle berry, responsible for its unique taste-altering effect.

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Erythritol

A naturally occurring sugar alcohol found in fruits, sometimes combined with rebaudioside to enhance sweetness and improve taste.

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Artificial Sweeteners

Sweeteners created synthetically, often used as low-calorie sugar replacements. Examples include aspartame, saccharin.

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Jicama's Plant Family

Jicama (Pachyrhizuserosus) belongs to the legume family, which also includes beans, peas, and lentils.

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Jicama's Growth Habit

Jicama is a herbaceous vine, meaning it has a non-woody stem and climbs or sprawls.

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Jicama's Lifespan

Jicama is a perennial plant, meaning it lives for more than two years, often surviving through winter dormancy.

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Jicama's Native Home

Jicama originated in Mexico, where it was first domesticated.

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Where Jicama is Widely Grown

Jicama is most commonly grown and consumed in Mexico and Southeast Asia.

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Jatropha's Plant Family

Jatropha curcas belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family, which also includes plants like castor beans and rubber trees.

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Jatropha's Growth Habit

Jatropha curcas is a woody shrub or small tree, meaning it has a hard, persistent stem and branches.

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Jatropha's Native Distribution

Jatropha curcas is native to Central America and Mexico, but it is now found in many tropical regions around the world.

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Jatropha's Economic Use

Jatropha curcas is grown for its oil-rich seeds, which are used to produce biodiesel, a renewable fuel source.

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Jatropha Oil Extraction

The seeds are harvested, dried, crushed, and pressed to extract the oil. The oil can be refined to improve its quality for different applications, like biodiesel production.

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Myrrh's Plant Family

Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) belongs to the Burseraceae family. This family includes other fragrant trees like frankincense.

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What type of plant is myrrh?

Myrrh is a woody shrub or small tree.

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Where does myrrh grow?

Myrrh is native to the arid regions of northeastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. It thrives in hot, dry climates.

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What part of myrrh is used?

The resin, a sticky substance secreted by the tree, is the commercially valuable part of myrrh.

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How is myrrh harvested?

Harvesters carefully make incisions in the bark of mature myrrh trees. The resin oozes out, dries and hardens into "tears".

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Study Notes

Carbohydrates

  • Sugars refer to monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose) and disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, maltose), tasting sweet. Table sugar is sucrose.
  • Starch is a polysaccharide made of glucose units linked by α (alpha) 1-4 glycosidic bonds. Digested by amylase to maltose and glucose. Common in plant seeds.
  • Cellulose is another polysaccharide with glucose units linked by β (beta) 1-4 glycosidic bonds. Harder to break down (dietary fiber). A major component of plant cell walls.
  • Starch and cellulose differ in their glycosidic bond type (alpha vs beta).

Bioethanol

  • Gasoline is a refined petroleum product with 5-12 carbon atoms. Not renewable.
  • Bioethanol is made from plants and is a potential alternative to gasoline. Sustainable because plants generate energy constantly via photosynthesis.
  • Typically two carbon atoms, can be added to / substituted for gasoline.
  • Efficiency measured by energy balance; ratio of bioethanol produced to energy required. Higher is better.
  • Corn starch in the US often has low energy balances. Sugar cane in Brazil has higher balances and often uses bagasse (sugar cane residue) for electricity.
  • Bioethanol can also be produced from cellulose, but efficient production requires advancements in cellulosic technology.
  • Energy balance is the ratio of bioethanol energy produced to the energy required for its manufacturing.

Sugar Cane

  • A tall perennial grass, it is cultivated and hybridized.
  • Originated from New Guinea (possibly chewing cane).
  • Grown in areas like Southeast Asia, India, and the Pacific region. Later cultivated in other areas, including Brazil.
  • Historically used to drive the Triangle Trade and involved forced labor in plantations. Involved transporting enslaved Africans.
  • High yield of bioethanol per hectare compared to other sources.
  • Produced 5,300-6,500 liters of bioethanol per hectare.
  • Can be directly used for sugar (sucrose).
  • Stems and leaves are crushed to extract sugary juice (about 15%).
  • Juice is concentrated by boiling, then centrifuged to separate molasses from crude sugar.

Sugar Beet

  • A temperate crop harvested after 2 years.
  • Closely related to edible and fodder beets.
  • Developed in Europe to increase sucrose output due to the Napoleonic Wars.
  • High sucrose content (18-20%).
  • Major producers include Russia, Ukraine, France, Germany, and the United States.

Corn Syrup

  • Made from cornstarch via enzymatic fermentation.
  • Glucose and fructose (not sucrose).
  • Can use wheat, rice, and potatoes as alternative sources.
  • High in fructose.

Tropical Palms

  • Source of sugar from tapping sap (fermented palm wine).
  • Examples include sugar palm ( Arenga pinnata) and palmyra palm ( Borassus flabellifer).
  • Yield varies but can be substantial, yielding about 1,800 liters/palm/annually, with 150 kg of sugar.
  • Can be used for candies and brown sugar.

Other Sweeteners

  • Stevia: A perennial herb with intense sweetness, from South America. Contains stevioside and rebaudioside. 300x sweeter than sucrose.
  • Miracle Berry ( Synsepalum dulcificum): A fruit that makes sour foods taste sweet, containing miraculin. It does not create a sweetener itself, but it alters the taste perception.

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Related Documents

Sugar, Starch and Cellulose (BIOL 1300 Unit 8) PDF
Jicama Plant Assignment 3
Assignment 4-Jatropha (Jatropha curcas)
Assignment 5-Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of carbohydrates, including sugars, starches, and cellulose, and their roles in nutrition. Additionally, discover the potential of bioethanol as a sustainable alternative to gasoline. Understand the importance of sugar cane in the production of bioethanol and its cultivation.

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