Introduction to Carbohydrates and Bioethanol
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Questions and Answers

What was the main purpose of transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas?

  • To promote cultural exchange
  • To provide labor for plantation agriculture (correct)
  • To support revolutionary movements
  • To establish trade relations

    • The Middle Passage was characterized by humane conditions for those enslaved.

    False

    What is the primary global source of commercial sugar?

    sugar cane

    The sugar beet is a biennial crop harvested after ___ years.

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which commodity was NOT produced on plantations where enslaved Africans worked?

    <p>Rice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions.

    <p>Middle Passage = Transport of enslaved Africans to the Americas Sugar Cane = Largest global source of sugar Bioethanol = Fuel produced from Brazilian sugar cane Sugar Beet = Biennial crop developed in Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is not listed as a major producer of table sugar from sugar beets?

    <p>Brazil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The British slave trade ended with the Emancipation Act of 1834.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of sucrose is present in modern high-yielding sugar beet cultivars?

    <p>18-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Corn syrup is primarily composed of sucrose.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to make brown palm sugar?

    <p>Boiling the sap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sugary sap from tropical palms can be fermented to produce _________.

    <p>alcoholic palm wine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following palm species with their characteristics:

    <p>Sugar Palm = Produces around 150 kg of sugar annually Palmyra Palm = Known for producing jaggery and toddy wine Fishtail Palm = From tropical Asia Mokola Palm = Found in South and North Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much sap can a single Palmyra Palm produce over four years?

    <p>Over 100,000 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sap from sugar palms is collected from the female flower clusters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one tropical palm species that is tapped for sugar production.

    <p>Sugar Palm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sugars is a disaccharide?

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose is easily digestible by humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural component of plant cell walls?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Starch is made of glucose units linked by __________ glycosidic bonds.

    <p>alpha (α)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Sucrose = A common disaccharide found in table sugar Amylase = Enzyme that breaks down starch Bioethanol = Renewable energy source from plants Cellulose = Main component of plant cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of starch?

    <p>Easily digestible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethanol is produced from the fermentation of sugar.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms can digest cellulose due to symbiotic microorganisms in their guts?

    <p>Ruminants (e.g., cows, termites)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy balance of bioethanol production?

    <p>The ratio of bioethanol energy produced to energy required for its manufacturing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Brazil's sugar cane facilities achieve a lower energy balance compared to U.S. corn starch facilities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary source of bioethanol in Brazil is __________.

    <p>sugar cane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of the Sugar Triangle trade with their descriptions:

    <p>Europe to Africa = Manufactured goods were traded for enslaved Africans Africa to Caribbean = Enslaved Africans were transported to work on plantations Caribbean to Europe = Sugars and molasses were shipped to Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Switchgrass and hybrid poplar are considered ideal crops for bioethanol production due to their low cellulose content.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total amount of bioethanol produced per hectare by Brazilian sugar cane plantations?

    <p>5,300-6,500 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is known for being the largest global producer of maple sugar?

    <p>Québec</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stevia is a type of artificial sweetener.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary compound in miracle berry that alters taste?

    <p>miraculin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maple sugar is produced by boiling and concentrating sap from the __________ tree.

    <p>sugar maple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the natural sweetener to its primary characteristic:

    <p>Stevia = Contains steviol glycosides Miracle Berry = Alters the taste of food Maple Sugar = Produced from the sap of a tree Erythritol = Naturally occurring sugar alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sweetness factor of stevioside compared to sucrose?

    <p>300 times sweeter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Artificial sweeteners like aspartame are allowed to be marketed freely in Canada.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which country does Stevia dominate nearly half of the sweetener market?

    <p>Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plant is jicama classified as?

    <p>Herbaceous vine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the jicama plant is primarily utilized for consumption?

    <p>Tuberous root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which regions of the world is jicama most widely grown and utilized?

    <p>Asia and Latin America</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process used before consuming jicama after harvesting?

    <p>Peeling and cutting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic accurately describes jicama's lifespan?

    <p>Perennial plant, living longer than two years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family does the Jatropha curcas plant belong to?

    <p>Euphorbiaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plant is Jatropha curcas classified as?

    <p>Woody shrub</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For what primary economic purpose is Jatropha curcas cultivated?

    <p>Biodiesel production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following steps in processing Jatropha seeds occurs last?

    <p>Refining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the processing of Jatropha seeds?

    <p>Harvesting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plant is myrrh classified as?

    <p>Woody tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the myrrh plant is primarily used commercially?

    <p>Resin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the process of harvesting myrrh resin?

    <p>Selection of Trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is myrrh resin transformed after being collected?

    <p>It hardens into solid 'tears'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to extract essential oils from myrrh resin?

    <p>Distillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates

    • Sugars refer to monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose) and disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, maltose), tasting sweet. Table sugar is sucrose.
    • Starch is a polysaccharide made of glucose units linked by α (alpha) 1-4 glycosidic bonds. Digested by amylase to maltose and glucose. Common in plant seeds.
    • Cellulose is another polysaccharide with glucose units linked by β (beta) 1-4 glycosidic bonds. Harder to break down (dietary fiber). A major component of plant cell walls.
    • Starch and cellulose differ in their glycosidic bond type (alpha vs beta).

    Bioethanol

    • Gasoline is a refined petroleum product with 5-12 carbon atoms. Not renewable.
    • Bioethanol is made from plants and is a potential alternative to gasoline. Sustainable because plants generate energy constantly via photosynthesis.
    • Typically two carbon atoms, can be added to / substituted for gasoline.
    • Efficiency measured by energy balance; ratio of bioethanol produced to energy required. Higher is better.
    • Corn starch in the US often has low energy balances. Sugar cane in Brazil has higher balances and often uses bagasse (sugar cane residue) for electricity.
    • Bioethanol can also be produced from cellulose, but efficient production requires advancements in cellulosic technology.
    • Energy balance is the ratio of bioethanol energy produced to the energy required for its manufacturing.

    Sugar Cane

    • A tall perennial grass, it is cultivated and hybridized.
    • Originated from New Guinea (possibly chewing cane).
    • Grown in areas like Southeast Asia, India, and the Pacific region. Later cultivated in other areas, including Brazil.
    • Historically used to drive the Triangle Trade and involved forced labor in plantations. Involved transporting enslaved Africans.
    • High yield of bioethanol per hectare compared to other sources.
    • Produced 5,300-6,500 liters of bioethanol per hectare.
    • Can be directly used for sugar (sucrose).
    • Stems and leaves are crushed to extract sugary juice (about 15%).
    • Juice is concentrated by boiling, then centrifuged to separate molasses from crude sugar.

    Sugar Beet

    • A temperate crop harvested after 2 years.
    • Closely related to edible and fodder beets.
    • Developed in Europe to increase sucrose output due to the Napoleonic Wars.
    • High sucrose content (18-20%).
    • Major producers include Russia, Ukraine, France, Germany, and the United States.

    Corn Syrup

    • Made from cornstarch via enzymatic fermentation.
    • Glucose and fructose (not sucrose).
    • Can use wheat, rice, and potatoes as alternative sources.
    • High in fructose.

    Tropical Palms

    • Source of sugar from tapping sap (fermented palm wine).
    • Examples include sugar palm ( Arenga pinnata) and palmyra palm ( Borassus flabellifer).
    • Yield varies but can be substantial, yielding about 1,800 liters/palm/annually, with 150 kg of sugar.
    • Can be used for candies and brown sugar.

    Other Sweeteners

    • Stevia: A perennial herb with intense sweetness, from South America. Contains stevioside and rebaudioside. 300x sweeter than sucrose.
    • Miracle Berry ( Synsepalum dulcificum): A fruit that makes sour foods taste sweet, containing miraculin. It does not create a sweetener itself, but it alters the taste perception.

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    Related Documents

    Sugar, Starch and Cellulose (BIOL 1300 Unit 8) PDF
    Jicama Plant Assignment 3
    Assignment 4-Jatropha (Jatropha curcas)
    Assignment 5-Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of carbohydrates, including sugars, starches, and cellulose, and their roles in nutrition. Additionally, discover the potential of bioethanol as a sustainable alternative to gasoline. Understand the importance of sugar cane in the production of bioethanol and its cultivation.

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