Nutrition Chapter 4: Carbohydrates Flashcards

One of the three macronutrients, preferred energy source for the brain, important source of energy for all cells, composed of C, H, and O, and good sources of fruits, vegetables, and grains.

Almost exclusively from plant sources; milk is the exception.

Plants convert water and carbon dioxide to sugar through this process, and light energy is trapped as chemical energy in the sugar molecules.

<p>Simple Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides) and Complex Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contain one or two molecules, commonly referred to as sugars; monosaccharides contain only one molecule; examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long chains of glucose molecules, commonly called polysaccharides; they include digestible forms like starch and glycogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plants store carbohydrates as starch, which we digest to glucose; it is a good source of grains, legumes, and tubers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animals store carbohydrates as glycogen in the liver and muscle; it is not found in food and therefore not a source of dietary carbohydrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The non-digestible part of plants; found in grains, rice, seeds, legumes, and fruits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrate extracted from plants and added to food; examples include cellulose, gum, pectin, and psyllium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dietary fiber plus functional fiber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibers that dissolve in water, are viscous, gel-forming, and associated with risk reduction of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 Diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibers that do not dissolve in water, are non-viscous, and promote regular bowel movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water-holding capacity, viscosity, cation-exchange capacity, bile binding capacity, and fermentable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates the flow of saliva, delays gastric emptying, delays the absorption of carbohydrates and fat, binds heavy metals and minerals, attracts water in the colon, and stimulates bacterial fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moderates nutrient absorption, reduces the absorption of cholesterol and other sterols, stimulates growth of a healthy bacterial population in the colon, and increases softness and volume of stools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colon cancer, helps prevent hemorrhoids, constipation, and other intestinal problems, and may reduce the risk of heart disease and Type 2 Diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25 grams daily or 14g/1000 kcal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Displaces energy and nutrient-dense foods, may cause intestinal discomfort and gas, may interfere with the absorption of minerals, and can cause gastrointestinal obstructions if consumed without adequate fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase fiber gradually so the GI tract can adjust, drink plenty of fluids, and select fiber from various food sources: fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maltose, Sucrose, and Lactose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>(Dextrose) 'Blood sugar,' used to supply cellular energy (fuel); the most abundant carbohydrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Fruit sugar,' the sweetest of all; abundant in fruits and used to sweeten various food products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not found free in nature; a component of lactose 'milk sugar' and some polysaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Found primarily in germinating seeds; a product of polysaccharides digestion in the GI tract, composed of two glucose units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Table sugar.' The main energy ingredient of candy and other sweets, composed of glucose and fructose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Milk sugar.' Composed of glucose and galactose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insufficient enzyme lactase to digest lactose-containing foods, leading to symptoms like gas, bloating, cramping, and diarrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determine the amount you can tolerate, eat dairy with fat, cheese, and yogurt are usually tolerated well, and use Lact-Aide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to hydrolyze lactose is an example of food intolerance; different from a food allergy, which involves an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An enzyme that begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth and breaks it down to maltose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzyme produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine to digest carbohydrates to maltose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maltase, sucrase, and lactase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Converts all monosaccharides to glucose; excess glucose is converted to glycogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Our primary energy source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High blood sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low blood sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produced by beta cells of the pancreas, stimulates glucose transporters to help take glucose from the blood across the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Removes glucose from the bloodstream and converts excess to glycogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose, making glucose available to body cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supplies energy, prevents ketosis, protein sparing, and functions as a sweetener.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4 kcal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>130 grams/day just to supply the brain with glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eat plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole grain products, and use sugars in moderation.</p> Signup and view all the answers