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Questions and Answers
Which enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of sucrose?
Which enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of sucrose?
What is the molecular weight of glycogen?
What is the molecular weight of glycogen?
Which of the following is not a symptom of lactose intolerance?
Which of the following is not a symptom of lactose intolerance?
What type of linkages in inulin make it indigestible by human enzymes?
What type of linkages in inulin make it indigestible by human enzymes?
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Which compound forms a considerable part of our vegetable food and is of considerable human dietetic value?
Which compound forms a considerable part of our vegetable food and is of considerable human dietetic value?
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What is the specific enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of lactose?
What is the specific enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of lactose?
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Which of the following polysaccharides is a natural storage carbohydrate present in more than 36,000 species of plants?
Which of the following polysaccharides is a natural storage carbohydrate present in more than 36,000 species of plants?
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What does inulin inhibit the development of, according to its biomedical importance?
What does inulin inhibit the development of, according to its biomedical importance?
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Which disaccharide yields one molecule of D-Glucose and one molecule of D-Fructose on hydrolysis?
Which disaccharide yields one molecule of D-Glucose and one molecule of D-Fructose on hydrolysis?
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Which of the following is a symptom of lactose intolerance?
Which of the following is a symptom of lactose intolerance?
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What is the main source of starch?
What is the main source of starch?
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Which enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing amylose and amylopectin?
Which enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing amylose and amylopectin?
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Which of the following is a catabolic process?
Which of the following is a catabolic process?
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What is the major fuel source oxidized by cells for energy?
What is the major fuel source oxidized by cells for energy?
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What are the major products of the digestion of carbohydrates?
What are the major products of the digestion of carbohydrates?
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Which of the following is an anabolic process?
Which of the following is an anabolic process?
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What is the primary form of energy storage after a meal?
What is the primary form of energy storage after a meal?
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What is the major source of dietary carbohydrates?
What is the major source of dietary carbohydrates?
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What is the primary product of carbohydrate digestion?
What is the primary product of carbohydrate digestion?
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What is the form of energy released in catabolic processes?
What is the form of energy released in catabolic processes?
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Which of the following is the major storage form of carbohydrates primarily found in muscle and the liver?
Which of the following is the major storage form of carbohydrates primarily found in muscle and the liver?
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Where does the process of converting food carbohydrates into glucose occur?
Where does the process of converting food carbohydrates into glucose occur?
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Which hormones does the body rely on to regulate blood glucose levels?
Which hormones does the body rely on to regulate blood glucose levels?
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What are monosaccharides classified into based on the number of carbon atoms?
What are monosaccharides classified into based on the number of carbon atoms?
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When does the body release glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels?
When does the body release glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels?
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What are O-glycosides formed from?
What are O-glycosides formed from?
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What do certain carbohydrate derivatives, such as cardiac glycosides and antibiotics, serve as?
What do certain carbohydrate derivatives, such as cardiac glycosides and antibiotics, serve as?
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What conditions can result from the derangement of carbohydrate metabolism?
What conditions can result from the derangement of carbohydrate metabolism?
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Which class of carbohydrates is primarily derived from plants and consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?
Which class of carbohydrates is primarily derived from plants and consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?
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What role do carbohydrates play in maintaining a healthy weight and reducing the risk of heart diseases?
What role do carbohydrates play in maintaining a healthy weight and reducing the risk of heart diseases?
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Study Notes
• Carbohydrates are organic compounds mainly derived from plants, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the general formula (CH2O)n. • Glucose is a simple sugar, which serves as the primary energy source for most tissues in the body, including the brain and red blood cells. • Glycogen is the major storage form of carbohydrates, primarily found in muscle and the liver. Muscle glycogen is used to produce ATP for muscle contraction, while liver glycogen maintains blood glucose levels during fasting or exercise. • The liver is responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels through the processes of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Carbohydrates are categorized into four major classes: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. • Monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and ribose, are single sugars that have a single sugar molecule, an asymmetric carbon atom, and can exist in both D and L forms. • The process of converting food carbohydrates into glucose occurs in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and liver. Enzymes and acids are involved in the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver. • The body relies on the hormones insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels. When blood glucose rises above the normal range, insulin is released to promote the uptake and storage of glucose. When blood glucose falls below the normal range, glucagon is released to promote the conversion of glycogen into glucose. • Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides have various biomedical importance, including serving as the primary energy source for most tissues, constituents of compound lipids and conjugated proteins, and degradation products that act as catalysts or promoters. Certain carbohydrate derivatives are used as drugs such as cardiac glycosides and antibiotics. • Carbohydrates play a role in maintaining a healthy weight, reducing the risk of heart and diabetes diseases, and preventing diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and constipation. • Derangement of carbohydrate metabolism can lead to conditions such as diabetes mellitus, galactosemia, glycogen storage disease, and lactose intolerance. • Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules that can exist in both D and L forms, and are classified into trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses based on the number of carbon atoms. • Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharide molecules, with the most important being maltose (glucose + glucose), sucrose (glucose + fructose), and lactose (glucose + galactose). • O-glycosides form when the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide reacts with an –OH or –NH amino group of another compound, while N-glycosides form when an amino group replaces the hydroxyl group. • The important disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose, which have different properties, such as solubility and sweetness, and are hydrolyzed by specific enzymes to yield their constituent monosaccharides. • In solution, monosaccharides undergo mutarotation, which involves the conversion of the α and β forms via the straight-chain aldehyde form. Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides, resulting in the formation of glycosidic bonds.
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By Ahmed Safaa
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