Carbohydrate Metabolism Quiz: Biochemistry Carbohydrates

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Questions and Answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of sucrose?

Lactase

Maltase

Amylase

Sucrase (correct)

What is the molecular weight of glycogen?

5,000

5 million (correct)

10 million

1 million

Which of the following is not a symptom of lactose intolerance?

Diarrhea (correct)

Bloating

Vomiting

Nausea

What type of linkages in inulin make it indigestible by human enzymes?

(β 2 → 1) linkages Signup and view all the answers

Which compound forms a considerable part of our vegetable food and is of considerable human dietetic value?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of lactose?

Lactase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following polysaccharides is a natural storage carbohydrate present in more than 36,000 species of plants?

Inulin Signup and view all the answers

What does inulin inhibit the development of, according to its biomedical importance?

Colon cancers Signup and view all the answers

Which disaccharide yields one molecule of D-Glucose and one molecule of D-Fructose on hydrolysis?

Sucrose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of lactose intolerance?

Gas production Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of starch?

Rice and wheat Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing amylose and amylopectin?

α amylase and β amylase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a catabolic process?

Conversion of sugars into their simple components Signup and view all the answers

What is the major fuel source oxidized by cells for energy?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What are the major products of the digestion of carbohydrates?

Glucose, galactose, and fructose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an anabolic process?

Building large, complex molecules from low-weight elements Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form of energy storage after a meal?

Triacylglycerols Signup and view all the answers

What is the major source of dietary carbohydrates?

Starch Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product of carbohydrate digestion?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the form of energy released in catabolic processes?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the major storage form of carbohydrates primarily found in muscle and the liver?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

Where does the process of converting food carbohydrates into glucose occur?

Liver and small intestine Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones does the body rely on to regulate blood glucose levels?

Insulin and glucagon Signup and view all the answers

What are monosaccharides classified into based on the number of carbon atoms?

Trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses Signup and view all the answers

When does the body release glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels?

When blood glucose falls below the normal range Signup and view all the answers

What are O-glycosides formed from?

Reaction of an amino group with an -OH or -NH amino group Signup and view all the answers

What do certain carbohydrate derivatives, such as cardiac glycosides and antibiotics, serve as?

Drugs Signup and view all the answers

What conditions can result from the derangement of carbohydrate metabolism?

Diabetes mellitus, galactosemia, glycogen storage disease, and lactose intolerance Signup and view all the answers

Which class of carbohydrates is primarily derived from plants and consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?

Polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What role do carbohydrates play in maintaining a healthy weight and reducing the risk of heart diseases?

Acting as energy storage and sources of energy for metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

• Carbohydrates are organic compounds mainly derived from plants, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the general formula (CH2O)n. • Glucose is a simple sugar, which serves as the primary energy source for most tissues in the body, including the brain and red blood cells. • Glycogen is the major storage form of carbohydrates, primarily found in muscle and the liver. Muscle glycogen is used to produce ATP for muscle contraction, while liver glycogen maintains blood glucose levels during fasting or exercise. • The liver is responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels through the processes of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Carbohydrates are categorized into four major classes: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. • Monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and ribose, are single sugars that have a single sugar molecule, an asymmetric carbon atom, and can exist in both D and L forms. • The process of converting food carbohydrates into glucose occurs in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and liver. Enzymes and acids are involved in the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver. • The body relies on the hormones insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels. When blood glucose rises above the normal range, insulin is released to promote the uptake and storage of glucose. When blood glucose falls below the normal range, glucagon is released to promote the conversion of glycogen into glucose. • Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides have various biomedical importance, including serving as the primary energy source for most tissues, constituents of compound lipids and conjugated proteins, and degradation products that act as catalysts or promoters. Certain carbohydrate derivatives are used as drugs such as cardiac glycosides and antibiotics. • Carbohydrates play a role in maintaining a healthy weight, reducing the risk of heart and diabetes diseases, and preventing diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and constipation. • Derangement of carbohydrate metabolism can lead to conditions such as diabetes mellitus, galactosemia, glycogen storage disease, and lactose intolerance. • Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules that can exist in both D and L forms, and are classified into trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses based on the number of carbon atoms. • Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharide molecules, with the most important being maltose (glucose + glucose), sucrose (glucose + fructose), and lactose (glucose + galactose). • O-glycosides form when the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide reacts with an –OH or –NH amino group of another compound, while N-glycosides form when an amino group replaces the hydroxyl group. • The important disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose, which have different properties, such as solubility and sweetness, and are hydrolyzed by specific enzymes to yield their constituent monosaccharides. • In solution, monosaccharides undergo mutarotation, which involves the conversion of the α and β forms via the straight-chain aldehyde form. Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides, resulting in the formation of glycosidic bonds.

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Carbohydrates Quiz