Carbohydrates: Glucose and Ribose Overview

Questions and Answers

What are the elements present in carbohydrates?

C, H, O

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

Cₘ(H₂O)ₙ

What are monosaccharides?

Single sugar monomers

What are examples of monosaccharides?

Glucose, fructose, ribose Signup and view all the answers

What are disaccharides?

Sugars composed of two monosaccharides joined together Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of disaccharides?

Maltose, sucrose, lactose Signup and view all the answers

What are polysaccharides?

Large carbohydrate molecules made up of many monosaccharide units Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of polysaccharides?

Starch, cellulose, glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What is a triose sugar?

Monosaccharide composed of three carbon atoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula of triose sugar?

C₃H₆O₃ Signup and view all the answers

What is a pentose sugar?

Monosaccharide composed of five carbon atoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula of pentose sugar?

C₅H₁₀O₅ Signup and view all the answers

What is a hexose sugar?

Monosaccharide composed of six carbon atoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula of hexose sugar?

C₆H₁₂O₆ Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by a 'furanose' ring?

Five-membered sugar ring Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by a 'pyranose' ring?

Six-membered sugar ring Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between alpha- and beta-glucose?

The -OH group on C₁ is in opposite positions Signup and view all the answers

Describe the properties of alpha-glucose.

Hexose sugar, six carbon atoms, six-membered ring, five -OH groups, main source of energy for cellular metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Describe the properties of ribose.

Pentose sugar, five carbon atoms, five-membered ring, four -OH groups, part of RNA nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Carbohydrates Overview

Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
General formula: Cₘ(H₂O)ₙ.

Monosaccharides

Basic unit of carbohydrates; single sugar monomers.
Examples include glucose, fructose, and ribose.

Disaccharides

Formed from two monosaccharides via a condensation reaction.
Common examples: maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

Polysaccharides

Large carbohydrates made of many monosaccharide units linked by condensation reactions.
Examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

Triose Sugar

Monosaccharide with three carbon atoms, formula C₃H₆O₃.
Examples: triose phosphate (involved in respiration and photosynthesis) and glyceraldehyde.

Pentose Sugar

Monosaccharide consisting of five carbon atoms, formula C₅H₁₀O₅.
Key examples: ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (used in photosynthesis), ribose (found in RNA and ATP), and deoxyribose (found in DNA).

Hexose Sugar

Monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms, formula C₆H₁₂O₆.
Common examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose (found in milk).

Ring Structures of Sugars

Furanose: five-membered sugar ring.
Pyranose: six-membered sugar ring.

Alpha- and Beta-Glucose

Two structural variations of glucose distinguished by the position of the -OH group on carbon 1 (C₁).
In alpha-glucose, -OH is on the same side of the ring as C₄; in beta-glucose, -OH is flipped.

Structure Representation

Drawings for molecular structures of alpha- and beta-glucose involve numbering carbon atoms clockwise starting from the carbon next to the oxygen in the ring.
Simplified drawings can omit individual hydrogen atoms.

Properties Comparison: Alpha-Glucose vs Ribose

Alpha-Glucose:
- Hexose sugar with six carbon atoms.
- Six-membered ring structure.
- Five -OH groups.
- Principal energy source for cellular metabolism.
Ribose:
- Pentose sugar with five carbon atoms.
- Five-membered ring structure.
- Four -OH groups.
- Component of RNA nucleotides.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the ring structure and properties of glucose, a hexose monosaccharide, and ribose, a pentose monosaccharide. It highlights key concepts such as the elements present in carbohydrates and their general formulas. Test your knowledge and understanding of these essential biomolecules.