Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Study Notes

Form follows function in the human body.
Anatomy provides understanding of structures (muscles, bones, etc.) and their roles in function.
Physiology delves into the workings of these structures and their interactions.

Chemical level: Atoms, molecules, and macromolecules.
Cellular level: The basic units of structure and function in an organism.
Tissue level: Different types of tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous).
Organ level: Tissues join together to form organs.
System level: Organs working together form systems.
Organismal level: The complete living organism.

(This section is a summary based on the provided text. Details of specific functions can be explored by referring to the listed chapters.)

Integumentary system: Protects the body, regulates temperature, and eliminates waste.
Skeletal system: Provides support and protection, aids in movement, houses blood cells, and stores minerals and fat.
Muscular system: Produces body movements, stabilizes posture, and generates heat.
Cardiovascular system: Pumps blood, carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, and removes waste products.
Lymphatic system: Returns proteins and fluid to the blood, carries lipids from the digestive system, and includes areas where cells that fight disease mature
Nervous system: Generates nerve impulses for body regulation and responding to internal and external conditions.
Endocrine system: Regulates body activities through hormones.
Respiratory system: Transfers oxygen from air into blood and carbon dioxide from blood to air; regulates acid-base balance.
Digestive system: Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates wastes.
Urinary system: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; regulates blood composition.
Reproductive system: Produces gametes for reproduction and regulates reproduction.

Anatomical position: Standing upright with palms forward and feet forward.
Reclining positions:
- Prone (face down)
- Supine (face up).
Regional terminology: Uses Greek or Latin roots for locations of anatomical structures.
Planes: Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body:
- Sagittal (midsagittal or parasagittal)
- Coronal (frontal)
- Transverse (cross-section or horizontal)
- Oblique
Sections: Cuts through the body along one of these planes to view internal structures.
Directional terms: Terms describing the relative position of body parts, such as superior, inferior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, anterior, posterior.

Body cavities are spaces within the body that protect, separate, and support internal organs.
- Cranial cavity
- Vertebral canal
- Thoracic cavity (with pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum)
- Abdominopelvic cavity (with abdominal and pelvic cavities)
Membranes:
- Serous membranes (parietal and visceral layers) line the walls and organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Radiography: (Mammography, bone densitometry, angiography, intravenous urography, barium contrast X-ray)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Computed Tomography (CT)
Ultrasound Scanning
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Radionuclide scanning
Endoscopy

Disorder: An abnormality of structure or function.
Disease: A specific illness, characterized by recognizable signs and symptoms.
Symptom: A subjective change in a person, not easily observed.
Sign: An objective change in structure or function, observable by others.