Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1-2 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body and its parts. Physiology is the study of how parts of the body work and carry out their functions.

What are the 3 main topics in the study of Anatomy and Physiology?

Complementarity of structure and function 2. Hierarchy of structural organization 3. Homeostasis

What does 'complementarity of structure and function' mean?

It means that how an organ or system functions depends on its structure.

What is the hierarchy of structural organization in humans?

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal. Signup and view all the answers

What are the life functions and survival needs in humans?

Life functions include: Maintain boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth. Survival needs include: Nutrients, Water, Oxygen, Normal body temperature, Appropriate atmospheric pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

It is the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions. Signup and view all the answers

How does positive and negative feedback work?

Negative feedback brings the factor back to balance (like a thermostat). Positive feedback causes the factor to proceed at an increasing rate (like a snowball effect). Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position?

Standing straight with arms down and palms forward. Signup and view all the answers

What are the major body divisions and directional terms?

Major body divisions: Axial (head, neck, trunk) and Appendicular (limbs). Directional terms include: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, intermediate, proximal, distal, superficial, deep. Signup and view all the answers

What are the body planes?

Sagittal plane (divides body into left & right), frontal plane (divides body into anterior & posterior), transverse plane (divides body into superior & inferior). Signup and view all the answers

What are the major body cavities?

The ventral body cavity holds organs in place by serosa membranes separated by serous fluid. Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the minor body cavities?

Oral, digestive, nasal, orbital, middle ear, synovial. Signup and view all the answers

What are the abdominopelvic regions?

They are divided by a tic-tac-toe grid. Signup and view all the answers

What is biochemistry and the two categories of chemical compounds?

Biochemistry is the study of chemical composition and reactions in living things. The two types of compounds are organic (contain carbon) and inorganic (do not contain carbon). Signup and view all the answers

What are some common inorganic compounds and their importance?

Water (most important), salts (electrolytes), acids (release hydrogen ions). Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy vs. Physiology

Anatomy studies the STRUCTURE of the body and its parts, while Physiology examines how these parts FUNCTION.

Main Topics in Anatomy and Physiology

The complementary relationship between structure and function contributes to understanding how organs work.
The hierarchy of structural organization ranges from atoms to organisms.
Homeostasis refers to the body’s stability in internal conditions.

Complementary Structure and Function

Functionality of organs or systems is directly related to their structural design.

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Chemical Level: Consists of atoms and molecules.
Cellular Level: Cells are the smallest units of life.
Tissue Level: Consists of groups of similar cells with a shared function.
Organ Level: Composed of multiple tissues that perform specific tasks.
Organ System Level: Across organs collaborating for common functions.
Organismal Level: All organ systems together fulfilling life processes.

Life Functions and Survival Needs

Life Functions include maintenance of boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.
Survival Needs consist of nutrients, water, oxygen, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions, regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems through feedback mechanisms.
Many diseases stem from homeostatic imbalances.

Feedback Mechanisms

Negative Feedback: Restores balance; operates like a thermostat (e.g., regulates heart rate and blood glucose).
Positive Feedback: Amplifies responses, creating a snowball effect (e.g., childbirth and blood clotting).

Anatomical Position

The anatomical position is characterized by a standing posture with arms down and palms facing forward.

Major Body Divisions and Directional Terms

Body Divisions: Axial (head, neck, trunk) and Appendicular (limbs).
Directional Terms:
- Superior - Toward the head
- Inferior - Toward the feet
- Anterior (Ventral) - Front of the body
- Posterior (Dorsal) - Back of the body
- Medial - Toward the midline
- Lateral - Away from the midline
- Intermediate - Between medial and lateral
- Proximal - Closer to attachment point
- Distal - Farther from attachment point
- Superficial - Closer to surface
- Deep - Further into the body

Body Planes

Sagittal Plane: Vertical division into left and right sections.
Frontal Plane: Vertical division into anterior (front) and posterior (back).
Transverse Plane: Horizontal division into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.

Major Body Cavities

Viscera in the ventral cavity are anchored by double-layered serosa membranes with serous fluid for cushioning.

Minor Body Cavities

Included are oral (mouth), digestive (anus), nasal (sinuses), orbital (eyes), middle ear (ear drums), and synovial (around joints).

Abdominopelvic Regions

Divided using a grid system resembling tic-tac-toe.

Biochemistry and Chemical Compounds

Biochemistry studies chemical composition and reactions in living organisms.
Organic Compounds: Contain carbon and are typically large; Inorganic Compounds: Do not contain carbon and are often simple molecules.

Importance of Common Inorganic Compounds

Water: Most vital, regulates temperature, acts as a solvent, and participates in chemical reactions.
Salts: Dissociate into electrolytes essential for nerve and muscle functions.
Acids: Sour taste; release hydrogen ions in solution (e.g., Hydrochloric acid).

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Description

This quiz focuses on key concepts from Anatomy and Physiology Chapters 1 and 2. It covers the fundamental differences between anatomy and physiology, as well as the main topics in their study. Ideal for students looking to reinforce their understanding before exams.