40 Questions
What is the effect of ceramides on insulin receptors?
They make the tyrosine kinase domain more resistant to phosphorylation
What is the result of inhibited lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue?
Accumulation of triglycerides, VLDL, LDL, and cholesterol in the blood
What is the source of energy for cells?
Fuels broken down into nutrients
What is the result of insulin resistance in the liver?
Increased lipogenesis, lipotoxicity, and insulin receptor resistance
What is the primary function of the pancreas in hormonal regulation of metabolism?
Production of insulin and glucagon
What is the role of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels?
Decreases blood glucose levels
What is the primary function of glucagon?
Increases blood glucose levels
What is the main difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Pancreas function
What is the normal range for fasting blood glucose levels?
60-100 mg/dL
What is the main cause of gestational diabetes?
Hormonal changes during pregnancy
What is the effect of somatostatin on insulin secretion?
Decreases the release of insulin
What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Autoimmune destruction of β cells
What is the characteristic symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Labored breathing
What is the primary treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis?
Insulin therapy
What is the effect of somatostatin on glucagon secretion?
Decreases the release of glucagon
What happens to blood glucose level when insulin is released?
It decreases
What is the effect of catecholamines on insulin secretion?
It inhibits insulin secretion
What is the role of PPAR-γ in adipocyte differentiation?
It promotes glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis
What is the primary function of D-amylin?
To slow down gastric emptying
What is the effect of insulin on adipocyte differentiation?
It promotes adipocyte differentiation
In which cell type does insulin NOT promote gluconeogenesis?
Myocytes
What is the effect of insulin on lipoprotein lipase in adipocytes?
It increases the activity of lipoprotein lipase
What is the role of SREBP1C in adipocyte differentiation?
It promotes glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis
What is the primary function of glucagon?
To stimulate glycogenolysis in liver cells
What is the net effect of insulin on glucose metabolism in myocytes?
It increases glycolysis and glycogenesis
What is the effect of leptin on food intake?
Decrease food intake
Where does glucagon produced by the alpha cells directly drain into?
Capillary circulation
What is the normal fasting glucose level?
99 mg/dL
Which type of diabetes results in autoimmune destruction of beta cells, requiring insulin therapy, and has an early onset?
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
What is the effect of AgRP on food intake?
Increases food intake
What is the effect of α-MSH on food intake?
Decreases food intake
What is the effect of CART on food intake?
Decreases food intake
What is the effect of POMC on food intake?
Decreases food intake
What is the pathway activated by leptin to decrease food intake?
POMC/CART pathway
What is the effect of NPY on food intake?
Increases food intake
What happens to the insulin level in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
It is increased
What is the result of decreased GLUT 4 mediated uptake of glucose in skeletal muscles?
Insulin resistance
What is the effect of high levels of glucose on β cells?
It can cause β cell death
What is the result of inability to repress hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissues?
Insulin resistance
What is the eventual outcome of insulin resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Insulin dependence
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