Biochemistry LE 5: Hormones that Regulate Metabolism II (Insulin, Glucagon, and Incretins)

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What is the primary mode of intracellular signaling involved in glucagon signaling?

Gi and Go

Gs and Gi

Gs and Gq (correct)

Gq and Go

What is the primary target of activated PKA in the nucleus?

cAMP Response Element Binding Protein (CREB) (correct)

cAMP Response Element Inhibitor (CREI)

cAMP Response Element Modulator (CREM)

cAMP Response Element Repressor (CRR)

What is the effect of glucagon on glycogen synthesis?

Decreases glycogen synthesis (correct)

Increases glycogen synthesis

Has no effect on glycogen synthesis

Unknown effect on glycogen synthesis

What is the role of InsP3 in glucagon signaling?

Enhances calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucagon on protein synthesis?

Has no effect on protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of CREB in glucagon signaling?

Regulates gene expression by binding to response elements Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucagon on fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue?

Has no effect on fatty acid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucagon on lipolysis in adipocytes?

Increases lipolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucagon on glucose output from gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis?

Increases glucose output Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of GIP on pancreatic enzyme secretion?

Stimulates secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of GIP on intestinal glucose uptake?

Increases uptake Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GIP in regulating heart rate?

Stimulates intrinsic heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of GIP on apoptosis in intestinal cells?

Inhibits apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of GIP prohormone precursor?

Pro-GIP prohormone precursor Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of GLP-1 on gastric emptying?

Slows down gastric emptying Signup and view all the answers

What is the pattern of GLP-1 secretion after oral glucose administration?

Biphasic pattern Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of GIP?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What are the stimuli for GIP secretion?

Glucose, amino acids, and long-chain fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucagon in the body?

To mobilize glucose from storage sites Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon?

Alpha cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stimulus for glucagon secretion?

Low plasma glucose concentrations Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucagon on glucose-dependent tissues?

Increases glucose availability Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between glucagon and insulin in diabetes mellitus?

Glucagon levels are increased, while insulin levels are decreased Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucagon on lipid metabolism?

Stimulates lipid metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucagon on protein metabolism?

Stimulates protein metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucagon on food intake and appetite?

Decreases food intake and appetite Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glucagon in energy homeostasis?

To maintain energy balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of insulin binding to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor?

Dimerization of the insulin receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of PTB domains in the insulin signaling pathway?

Recognition of autophosphorylated tyrosine residues Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of phosphorylation of PIP2?

Formation of PIP3 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes is NOT inactivated by insulin?

Glycogen synthase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3-kinase?

Recognition of tyrosine residues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a downstream effector of insulin signaling?

HMG CoA synthase Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of insulin receptor activation?

Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on IRS proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of IRS proteins in the insulin signaling pathway?

Transmission of insulin signal Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of dephosphorylation of pyruvate kinase?

Activation of pyruvate kinase Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on glycogen synthase after a high CHO meal?

Activates glycogen synthase Signup and view all the answers

How does insulin inhibit gluconeogenesis in the liver?

By inactivating GSK3 via phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of SIK2 in gluconeogenesis?

It inhibits gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on glucose uptake in peripheral tissues?

It stimulates glucose uptake Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on glycogen synthesis?

It stimulates glycogen synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Akt2 on GSK3?

It inactivates GSK3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of SIK2 on CREB?

It inhibits CREB Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on lipolysis?

It has no effect on lipolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on glucose uptake in the brain?

It has no effect on glucose uptake Signup and view all the answers