45 Questions
What is the primary mode of intracellular signaling involved in glucagon signaling?
Gs and Gq
What is the primary target of activated PKA in the nucleus?
cAMP Response Element Binding Protein (CREB)
What is the effect of glucagon on glycogen synthesis?
Decreases glycogen synthesis
What is the role of InsP3 in glucagon signaling?
Enhances calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum
What is the effect of glucagon on protein synthesis?
Has no effect on protein synthesis
What is the role of CREB in glucagon signaling?
Regulates gene expression by binding to response elements
What is the effect of glucagon on fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue?
Has no effect on fatty acid synthesis
What is the effect of glucagon on lipolysis in adipocytes?
Increases lipolysis
What is the effect of glucagon on glucose output from gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis?
Increases glucose output
What is the effect of GIP on pancreatic enzyme secretion?
Stimulates secretion
What is the result of GIP on intestinal glucose uptake?
Increases uptake
What is the role of GIP in regulating heart rate?
Stimulates intrinsic heart rate
What is the effect of GIP on apoptosis in intestinal cells?
Inhibits apoptosis
What is the source of GIP prohormone precursor?
Pro-GIP prohormone precursor
What is the effect of GLP-1 on gastric emptying?
Slows down gastric emptying
What is the pattern of GLP-1 secretion after oral glucose administration?
Biphasic pattern
What stimulates the release of GIP?
All of the above
What are the stimuli for GIP secretion?
Glucose, amino acids, and long-chain fatty acids
What is the primary function of glucagon in the body?
To mobilize glucose from storage sites
Which cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon?
Alpha cells
What is the primary stimulus for glucagon secretion?
Low plasma glucose concentrations
What is the effect of glucagon on glucose-dependent tissues?
Increases glucose availability
What is the relationship between glucagon and insulin in diabetes mellitus?
Glucagon levels are increased, while insulin levels are decreased
What is the effect of glucagon on lipid metabolism?
Stimulates lipid metabolism
What is the effect of glucagon on protein metabolism?
Stimulates protein metabolism
What is the effect of glucagon on food intake and appetite?
Decreases food intake and appetite
What is the role of glucagon in energy homeostasis?
To maintain energy balance
What is the result of insulin binding to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor?
Dimerization of the insulin receptor
What is the function of PTB domains in the insulin signaling pathway?
Recognition of autophosphorylated tyrosine residues
What is the outcome of phosphorylation of PIP2?
Formation of PIP3
Which of the following enzymes is NOT inactivated by insulin?
Glycogen synthase
What is the role of the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3-kinase?
Recognition of tyrosine residues
Which of the following is NOT a downstream effector of insulin signaling?
HMG CoA synthase
What is the result of insulin receptor activation?
Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on IRS proteins
What is the function of IRS proteins in the insulin signaling pathway?
Transmission of insulin signal
What is the outcome of dephosphorylation of pyruvate kinase?
Activation of pyruvate kinase
What is the effect of insulin on glycogen synthase after a high CHO meal?
Activates glycogen synthase
How does insulin inhibit gluconeogenesis in the liver?
By inactivating GSK3 via phosphorylation
What is the role of SIK2 in gluconeogenesis?
It inhibits gluconeogenesis
What is the effect of insulin on glucose uptake in peripheral tissues?
It stimulates glucose uptake
What is the effect of insulin on glycogen synthesis?
It stimulates glycogen synthesis
What is the effect of Akt2 on GSK3?
It inactivates GSK3
What is the effect of SIK2 on CREB?
It inhibits CREB
What is the effect of insulin on lipolysis?
It has no effect on lipolysis
What is the effect of insulin on glucose uptake in the brain?
It has no effect on glucose uptake
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