Insulin and Diabetes Pharmacology Quiz

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What is the most serious and common adverse reaction to insulin?

Hypoglycemia (correct)

Local injection site reactions

Weight gain

Lipodystrophy

What factors influence the onset and duration of insulin action?

Age, weight, mood

Dose, injection site, blood supply (correct)

Dietary fat, exercise routine, insulin type

Injection depth, humidity, stress levels

Which of the following insulin preparations is considered rapid-acting?

Glargine

NPH

Regular insulin

Aspart (correct)

When should regular insulin be injected in relation to meals?

30 minutes before meals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of rapid-acting and short-acting insulins?

To mimic prandial insulin release Signup and view all the answers

How can lipodystrophy caused by insulin be minimized?

By rotating injection sites Signup and view all the answers

Which insulin preparation is considered intermediate-acting?

NPH Signup and view all the answers

How does renal insufficiency affect insulin dosage?

Dosage is reduced Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pharmacological effect of incretin mimetics?

Increase hepatic glucose production Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas?

Stimulating insulin secretion from beta cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following side effects is associated with incretin mimetics?

Nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Which generations of sulfonylureas are still in clinical use?

Second and third generations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary adverse effect associated with meglitinides?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is classified as a third-generation sulfonylurea?

Glimepiride Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk when using sulfonylureas in pregnancy?

Fetal hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of both meglitinides and sulfonylureas?

Both stimulate insulin secretion from beta cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a key pharmacological action of Metformin?

Inhibits glucose output Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Meglitinides?

To lower glucose levels post-meal Signup and view all the answers

Why should Metformin be discontinued in certain conditions?

Due to risk of lactic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for Thiazolidinediones?

Act as agonists for PPAR-γ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for Meglitinides usage?

Concurrent use with Gemfibrozil Signup and view all the answers

What effect do Thiazolidinediones have on serum lipids?

Decrease triglycerides and increase HDL Signup and view all the answers

How does Metformin assist in treating polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

By lowering insulin resistance Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when prescribing Metformin to patients over 80 years old?

It should be used with caution due to potential renal risks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary side effect associated with thiazolidinediones?

Water retention leading to edema Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors?

Flatulence and diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in relation to incretin hormones?

Prolong the activity of incretin hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT recommended as a treatment for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases?

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What effect do Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have on urinary glucose?

Increase urinary glucose excretion Signup and view all the answers

When should Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors be administered?

Once daily in the morning before the first meal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?

Female genital mycotic infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of α-glucosidase in the body?

Converts dietary starches to simple sugars Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

β-cell failure due to massive necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors predominantly influence Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Genetic factors and obesity Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a healthy glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb-A1c) level?

Less than 5.7% Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the secretion of insulin in the pancreas?

Increase in blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of untreated Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Life-threatening diabetic ketoacidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about insulin is true?

Insulin is deactivated by insulinase in the liver Signup and view all the answers

In the early stages of Type 2 diabetes, what typically occurs?

High levels of insulin due to peripheral resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate mean blood glucose level for healthy individuals?

115 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

What is the onset of action for insulin degludec?

30–90 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Which insulin type is characterized by a flat, prolonged hypoglycemic effect with no peak?

Insulin Glargine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that NPH insulin should not be given intravenously?

It is only stable in subcutaneous administration. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of ultra long-acting basal insulin analogue?

It has a peak activity after administration Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of using premixed insulin combinations?

Difficulty adjusting individual insulin components Signup and view all the answers

In intensive insulin therapy, how many injections per day are typically utilized?

Three or more Signup and view all the answers

Which long-acting insulin is associated with slow dissociation from albumin?

Insulin Detemir Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended target mean blood glucose level for intensive insulin therapy?

154 mg/dL or less Signup and view all the answers