Insulin and Diabetes Mellitus Overview

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which organ does not secrete any hormone?

Parathyroid gland

Stomach

Kidney

Bladder (correct)

Which insulin can be used for very fast action?

Insulin glargine

Insulin detemir

NPH insulin

Insulin glulisine (correct)

Which is not an effect of insulin hormone?

Increases catabolism (correct)

Increases adipose tissue

Promotes growth

Decreases gluconeogenesis

Which is not a symptom of hypoglycemia?

Vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about type 1 diabetes mellitus is false?

Oral antidiabetic drugs can be used Signup and view all the answers

Which patient has a non-modifiable risk factor?

Having a diabetic parent Signup and view all the answers

Which is not true about the clinical presentation of diabetes?

Patients can have palpitations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is usually present in type 2 diabetes mellitus but absent in type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Insulin resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which finding is expected in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis?

Increased respiration and a decrease in pH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a reason for type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Decreased cellular response Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely diagnosis for a person with fasting blood glucose levels of 127 mg/dl and an HbA1c of 5.8?

Prediabetes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is false about Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Oral antidiabetic drugs can be used Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT determine the development of insulin resistance?

Frequent physical activity Signup and view all the answers

In treating diabetic ketoacidosis, which of the following is not typically included?

Continuous subcutaneous insulin treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effect of diabetes on pregnancy?

Increased risk of miscarriage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a known side effect of insulin therapy?

Diabetic ketoacidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a microvascular complication of diabetes?

Nephropathy Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding gestational diabetes screening is true?

75 g glucose loading is sufficient Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Insulin and Diabetes Mellitus

Insulin: A polypeptide hormone, crucial for regulating blood glucose levels.
Organs Not Secreting Hormones: Stomach
Blood Sugar Control:
- Liver stores glucose as glycogen
- Beta cells of the pancreas secrete insulin, not glucagon
- Rising blood glucose increases insulin, not glucagon secretion
- Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose
- Muscle stores glucose
Fast-Acting Insulin: Regular insulin

Insulin Effects

Insulin Effects:
- Decreases catabolism
- Increases adipose tissue
- Promotes growth
- Decreases gluconeogenesis (glucose production)
- Increases DNA transcription

Diabetes Pathophysiology

Underlying Defects in Diabetes:
- Peripheral insulin resistance
- Increased glucose production by the liver
- Beta cell disorders in the pancreas
- Insulin receptor defects
Not a Pathophysiologic Defect: Glut-2 defect in intestinal cells

Diabetic Symptoms and Complications

Hypoglycemia Symptoms: Headache, sweating, confusion, dizziness, vomiting
Polydipsia: Excessive thirst, a common symptom of diabetes
Non-Modifiable Risk Factor: Diabetic parent
Clinical Presentation of Diabetes: Can be asymptomatic, can present with weight loss, polydipsia, palpitations, fatigue.
Type 1 DM Treatment: Education, insulin (e.g., glargine), glycemic control monitoring, prevention/early detection of complications
Type 1 DM Characteristics:
- Mostly occurs in childhood
- Usually not obese
- Oral antidiabetic drugs can not be used
- Partly inherited
- False: Oral antidiabetic drugs can be used
- Absent in Type 1 DM, usually present in Type 2: Diabetic ketoacidosis, Obesity, high genetic concordance, Immunologic reactions
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Indicators: Increased respiration, decreased pH, decreased bicarbonate, increased plasma pH, elevated blood glucose level, decreased urine output,
Type 2 DM Reasons: Defects in insulin secretion, decreased cellular response to insulin, and defects in insulin production ( all correct)
Diagnosis based on Fasting Blood Glucose and HbA1c:
- Fasting blood glucose 127-128 mg/dL, HbA1c 5.8: Prediabetes
- Fasting blood glucose 127-128 mg/dL, HbA1c 6.2: Type 2 diabetes
Hypoglycemia Causes: Change in insulin dose, missed meals, strenuous exercise, anorexia/reduced food intake
DKA Treatment Elements: Volume repletion, insulin therapy, metabolic corrections, treating underlying diseases
Hyperosmolar Coma: Plasma osmolarity >350 mOsm/L, life threatening, neurologic deficits, ketone production often absent

Complications and Treatment of Diabetes

Microvascular Complication of Diabetes: Nephropathy
Insulin Therapy Use; Not a Therapy: Hyperosmolar coma
Gestational Diabetes Screening: 50-gram glucose screening test
- 75-gram glucose screening test
- Fasting blood glucose and HbA1c
Effects of Diabetes on Pregnancy: Abortion, pre-eclampsia, polyhydramnios, infection
Modifiable Risk Factors: Hypertension, high triglycerides, polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity
Insulin Therapy Adverse Effects: Lipodystrophy, insulin antibodies, Dawn phenomenon, Somogyi effect, Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers the essential aspects of insulin and its role in diabetes mellitus. It discusses insulin secretion, effects, and the underlying defects associated with diabetes. Test your knowledge on blood sugar control mechanisms and the pathophysiology of diabetes.