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Questions and Answers
What is the primary concept discussed in this chapter?
What is the primary concept discussed in this chapter?
How many people in the U.S. are living with diabetes mellitus?
How many people in the U.S. are living with diabetes mellitus?
37.3 million
What are the two main types of diabetes discussed in the chapter?
What are the two main types of diabetes discussed in the chapter?
Type 1 and Type 2
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs when the body has too much insulin.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs when the body has too much insulin.
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Which of the following is NOT a component of metabolic syndrome?
Which of the following is NOT a component of metabolic syndrome?
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The hormone that regulates glucose transport into the cells is __________.
The hormone that regulates glucose transport into the cells is __________.
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What is considered a common treatment to prevent complications from diabetes?
What is considered a common treatment to prevent complications from diabetes?
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What laboratory measure tracks the last three months' average blood sugar?
What laboratory measure tracks the last three months' average blood sugar?
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What is a common medication used to manage diabetes in hospitals?
What is a common medication used to manage diabetes in hospitals?
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Name one focus of health promotion activities for diabetes.
Name one focus of health promotion activities for diabetes.
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What is the priority concept for clients with diabetes mellitus?
What is the priority concept for clients with diabetes mellitus?
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How many people in the U.S. are living with diabetes mellitus?
How many people in the U.S. are living with diabetes mellitus?
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Diabetes Mellitus is a short-term disorder.
Diabetes Mellitus is a short-term disorder.
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What are the two primary types of diabetes discussed in the chapter?
What are the two primary types of diabetes discussed in the chapter?
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Which of the following is a common acute complication of diabetes?
Which of the following is a common acute complication of diabetes?
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Insulin is secreted by the ______ cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
Insulin is secreted by the ______ cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
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Metabolic syndrome is characterized by the simultaneous presence of factors that decrease the risk for type 2 diabetes.
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by the simultaneous presence of factors that decrease the risk for type 2 diabetes.
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What is the most common oral medication seen in hospitals for diabetes management?
What is the most common oral medication seen in hospitals for diabetes management?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for diabetes?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for diabetes?
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The assessment for diabetes includes checking the ______ levels.
The assessment for diabetes includes checking the ______ levels.
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Match the following elements with their role in diabetes management:
Match the following elements with their role in diabetes management:
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Study Notes
Glucose Regulation
- Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic complex disorder that impairs nutrient (glucose) metabolism.
- DM is characterized by the absence of insulin.
- Insulin is produced by the pancreas and attaches to receptors on target cells, promoting glucose transport into cells.
- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (TIDM) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are the main types discussed.
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of DM. DKA occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin and blood sugar levels become dangerously high.
- Atherosclerosis is linked to DM and increases risk for stroke.
Nutrition
- A balanced diet is a key component of DM management.
- Patients with DM should be educated about their diet, including what to eat and how much.
- Regular exercise helps to regulate blood sugar levels.
- Smoking cessation is crucial to prevent complications associated with DM.
Tissue Integrity
- DM and its complications can result in neuropathy.
- Patients with DM can experience foot injuries due to neuropathy.
- Proper foot care is paramount to prevent infection.
- Patients should use appropriate footwear.
Sensory Perception
- Patients with DM may experience vision impairment due to complications like diabetic retinopathy.
- Regular eye exams are essential to monitor vision changes.
Perfusion
- DM can cause complications like diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease).
- Smoking and uncontrolled hypertension increase the risk of kidney disease in patients with DM.
- Ace inhibitors are often prescribed to slow the progression of kidney disease.
Immunity
- DM can compromise the immune system.
- Infections can be more severe in patients with DM.
- Proper hygiene is essential to prevent infections.
- Immunizations are recommended to minimize the risk of infections.
Fluid And Electrolyte Balance
- DM can disrupt fluid and electrolyte balance.
- DKA can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
- Adequate hydration is crucial to manage DM.
Acid-Base Balance
- DKA can cause metabolic acidosis due to the buildup of ketones.
Metabolic Syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome increases the risk for developing type 2 DM.
- Metabolic syndrome is the presence of several metabolic risk factors, including abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.
Diabetes Mellitus
- A chronic disorder affecting glucose metabolism
- Two main types:
- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (TIDM): due to the immune system destroying insulin-producing cells
- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): body becomes resistant to insulin
- Impacts glucose regulation and homeostasis
- Absence of insulin leads to hyperglycemia
- Can result in acute and chronic complications
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication
- Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor leading to stroke
- Affects blood flow to kidneys and eyes
- Implicated in cognitive dysfunction, impacting all aspects of life
- Health Promotion Focus: Exercise and healthy eating
Insulin Physiology
- Proinsulin, produced by the pancreas, is converted to active insulin
- Insulin binds to receptors on target cells, facilitating glucose transport into cells
Metabolic Syndrome
- Group of metabolic risk factors linked to type 2 diabetes development
- Factors include:
- Abdominal obesity
- Hyperglycemia
- Hypertension
- Hyperlipidemia
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
- Diabetes management and complication prevention are key to good health
- Lifestyle changes crucial:
- Balanced diet
- Increased physical activity
Assessing Patients with Diabetes
-
History: Identify risk factors and symptoms
- Smoking
- Alcohol Use
- Hypertension
- Stress
- Family history of autoimmune conditions (Type 1 Diabetes)
-
Laboratory Assessment:
- Glycosylated Hemoglobin (A1C): Measures average blood sugar over 3 months
- Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG): Assesses blood sugar levels after fasting overnight
-
Screening: Follow guidelines for diabetes screening
- Fasting blood glucose level for screening
Prioritizing Collaborative Problems
- Important Nursing Considerations:*
- Potential for Injury: Related to hyperglycemia and neuropathy
- Potential for Surgical Complications: Increased risk for surgical patients with diabetes
- Potential for Kidney Disease: Diabetes increases risk of nephropathy
- Potential for Acute Complications: Manage DKA, HHS, and other complications
Planning Nursing Intervention
- Preventing Injury from Hyperglycemia: Monitor blood glucose levels, administer insulin, and educate patients
- Enhancing Surgical Recovery: Manage blood glucose closely, consider pre-operative insulin adjustments
- Preventing Injury from Peripheral Neuropathy: Provide foot care education, ensure proper footwear
- Reducing Risk for Kidney Disease: Monitor blood pressure, encourage smoking cessation, and use ACE inhibitors
- Preventing Complications : Promote healthy eating and lifestyle changes
Care Coordination and Transition Management
- Implement self-management education:
- Nutrition: Teach proper food choices and portion control
- Exercise: Promote regular physical activity
- Medication Adherence: Inform patients about their medications and proper administration
- Support Groups: Encourage participation to foster a sense of community and shared experience
- Home care management:
Evaluating Outcomes
- Achieve Blood Glucose Control: Aim for target blood sugar levels
- Avoid Acute and Chronic Complications: Prevent DKA, HHS, and other complications
- Recover from Surgery Without Complications: Prevent complications related to surgery
- Remain Free of Injury: Ensure safe environment and address risk factors for injury
- Remain Free of Kidney Disease: Reduce the risk of kidney failure
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of glucose regulation in the context of Diabetes Mellitus, including its types, complications like diabetic ketoacidosis, and the role of diet and exercise in management. Understand the critical relationship between insulin, glucose metabolism, and the importance of maintaining tissue integrity for diabetic patients.
