Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the onset of action for insulin detemir (Levemir)?
What is the onset of action for insulin detemir (Levemir)?
How does insulin detemir (Levemir) differ from glargine in terms of peak action?
How does insulin detemir (Levemir) differ from glargine in terms of peak action?
What is the main side effect associated with 2nd Generation Sulfonylureas like glyburide (Micronase)?
What is the main side effect associated with 2nd Generation Sulfonylureas like glyburide (Micronase)?
Which organ is mainly responsible for the metabolism/excretion of glyburide (Micronase)?
Which organ is mainly responsible for the metabolism/excretion of glyburide (Micronase)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a rare side effect associated with sulfonylureas?
What is a rare side effect associated with sulfonylureas?
Signup and view all the answers
Which class of drugs should not be used in patients with renal failure due to the risk of hypoglycemia mainly in elderly patients?
Which class of drugs should not be used in patients with renal failure due to the risk of hypoglycemia mainly in elderly patients?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication can lower HbA1c by approximately 0.8% when used as monotherapy?
Which medication can lower HbA1c by approximately 0.8% when used as monotherapy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication prevents sucrose breakdown into glucose, making only glucose or dextrose usable during hypoglycemic episodes?
Which medication prevents sucrose breakdown into glucose, making only glucose or dextrose usable during hypoglycemic episodes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication increases tissue insulin sensitivity, enhancing the insulin-dependent uptake of fatty acids and glucose?
Which medication increases tissue insulin sensitivity, enhancing the insulin-dependent uptake of fatty acids and glucose?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication requires regular liver function tests at baseline and at 2-3 month intervals for the first year of use?
Which medication requires regular liver function tests at baseline and at 2-3 month intervals for the first year of use?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication has a slow onset of approximately 2 months for maximum effect?
Which medication has a slow onset of approximately 2 months for maximum effect?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is contraindicated in patients with IBS and obstruction due to its poor tolerability and side effect of flatulence?
Which medication is contraindicated in patients with IBS and obstruction due to its poor tolerability and side effect of flatulence?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following drugs is an amylin agonist used for Type-1/Type-2 diabetics who use insulin at mealtime and have failed to achieve diabetic control?
Which of the following drugs is an amylin agonist used for Type-1/Type-2 diabetics who use insulin at mealtime and have failed to achieve diabetic control?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following drugs inhibits SGLT2, a membrane protein expressed mainly in the early proximal tubule (S1 segment) of the kidney where 90% of renal glucose reabsorption occurs?
Which of the following drugs inhibits SGLT2, a membrane protein expressed mainly in the early proximal tubule (S1 segment) of the kidney where 90% of renal glucose reabsorption occurs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common adverse side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?
Which of the following is a common adverse side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following drugs is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, especially in patients who already have heart or kidney disease?
Which of the following drugs is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, especially in patients who already have heart or kidney disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following drugs is not an SGLT2 inhibitor?
Which of the following drugs is not an SGLT2 inhibitor?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not a common adverse side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?
Which of the following is not a common adverse side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme do Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors inhibit, leading to an increase in the duration of effectiveness of endogenous GLP-1 and GIP?
Which enzyme do Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors inhibit, leading to an increase in the duration of effectiveness of endogenous GLP-1 and GIP?
Signup and view all the answers
Which DPP-4 inhibitor is considered inappropriate for initial therapy and is usually used as add-on therapy for Type-2 diabetics only?
Which DPP-4 inhibitor is considered inappropriate for initial therapy and is usually used as add-on therapy for Type-2 diabetics only?
Signup and view all the answers
What common side effect is associated with DPP-4 inhibitors such as Sitagliptin and Saxagliptin?
What common side effect is associated with DPP-4 inhibitors such as Sitagliptin and Saxagliptin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which DPP-4 inhibitor may delay gastric emptying, impacting the absorption of other drugs that should be taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after its administration?
Which DPP-4 inhibitor may delay gastric emptying, impacting the absorption of other drugs that should be taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after its administration?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential side effect of DPP-4 inhibitors like Alogliptin that is rare but associated with their inhibitory action on substrates involved in inflammation?
What is a potential side effect of DPP-4 inhibitors like Alogliptin that is rare but associated with their inhibitory action on substrates involved in inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which DPP-4 inhibitor can be used without dose adjustment in all stages of renal impairment?
Which DPP-4 inhibitor can be used without dose adjustment in all stages of renal impairment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is an amylin agonist used for Type-1/Type-2 diabetics who use insulin at mealtime and have failed to achieve diabetic control?
Which medication is an amylin agonist used for Type-1/Type-2 diabetics who use insulin at mealtime and have failed to achieve diabetic control?
Signup and view all the answers
Which class of drugs inhibits SGLT2, a membrane protein expressed mainly in the early proximal tubule (S1 segment) of the kidney where 90% of renal glucose reabsorption occurs?
Which class of drugs inhibits SGLT2, a membrane protein expressed mainly in the early proximal tubule (S1 segment) of the kidney where 90% of renal glucose reabsorption occurs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a common adverse side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?
Which of the following is NOT a common adverse side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication should be avoided in patients with renal failure due to the risk of hypoglycemia mainly in elderly patients?
Which medication should be avoided in patients with renal failure due to the risk of hypoglycemia mainly in elderly patients?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is contraindicated in patients with IBS and obstruction due to its poor tolerability and side effect of flatulence?
Which medication is contraindicated in patients with IBS and obstruction due to its poor tolerability and side effect of flatulence?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following drugs is not an SGLT2 inhibitor?
Which of the following drugs is not an SGLT2 inhibitor?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is primarily used to lower blood glucose levels by inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys?
Which medication is primarily used to lower blood glucose levels by inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is an amylin analog used to improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
Which medication is an amylin analog used to improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is known to cause lactic acidosis, a rare but serious side effect that can be fatal in severe cases?
Which medication is known to cause lactic acidosis, a rare but serious side effect that can be fatal in severe cases?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is contraindicated in patients with IBS and obstruction due to its poor tolerability and side effect of flatulence?
Which medication is contraindicated in patients with IBS and obstruction due to its poor tolerability and side effect of flatulence?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication inhibits the enzyme alpha-glucosidase in the small intestine to delay the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates?
Which medication inhibits the enzyme alpha-glucosidase in the small intestine to delay the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication can be used in combination with sulfonylureas, TZDs, DPP-4 inhibitors, and insulin?
Which medication can be used in combination with sulfonylureas, TZDs, DPP-4 inhibitors, and insulin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main mechanism through which metformin can indirectly activate AMPK?
What is the main mechanism through which metformin can indirectly activate AMPK?
Signup and view all the answers
Which side effect is associated with metformin but is very rare and has a 50% fatality rate in severe cases?
Which side effect is associated with metformin but is very rare and has a 50% fatality rate in severe cases?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organ function is crucial to consider before prescribing metformin to avoid potential complications?
Which organ function is crucial to consider before prescribing metformin to avoid potential complications?
Signup and view all the answers
Which class of drugs delays the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase in the small intestine?
Which class of drugs delays the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase in the small intestine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication class primarily focuses on enhancing tissue insulin sensitivity and improving glycemic control?
Which medication class primarily focuses on enhancing tissue insulin sensitivity and improving glycemic control?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common side effect experienced by patients taking metformin that may include gastrointestinal disturbances?
What is a common side effect experienced by patients taking metformin that may include gastrointestinal disturbances?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is an amylin agonist used for Type-1/Type-2 diabetics who use insulin at mealtime and have failed to achieve diabetic control?
Which medication is an amylin agonist used for Type-1/Type-2 diabetics who use insulin at mealtime and have failed to achieve diabetic control?
Signup and view all the answers
Which class of drugs inhibits SGLT2, a membrane protein expressed mainly in the early proximal tubule (S1 segment) of the kidney where 90% of renal glucose reabsorption occurs?
Which class of drugs inhibits SGLT2, a membrane protein expressed mainly in the early proximal tubule (S1 segment) of the kidney where 90% of renal glucose reabsorption occurs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which DPP-4 inhibitor is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, especially in patients who already have heart or kidney disease?
Which DPP-4 inhibitor is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, especially in patients who already have heart or kidney disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication delays gastric emptying, impacting the absorption of other drugs that should be taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after its administration?
Which medication delays gastric emptying, impacting the absorption of other drugs that should be taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after its administration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is not an SGLT2 inhibitor?
Which medication is not an SGLT2 inhibitor?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication increases tissue insulin sensitivity, enhancing the insulin-dependent uptake of fatty acids and glucose?
Which medication increases tissue insulin sensitivity, enhancing the insulin-dependent uptake of fatty acids and glucose?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control is known to increase satiety through its action on the central nervous system?
Which medication used for diabetic control is known to increase satiety through its action on the central nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which SGLT2 inhibitor is known to potentially cause volume depletion due to its diuretic effect arising from increased osmolality of the urine?
Which SGLT2 inhibitor is known to potentially cause volume depletion due to its diuretic effect arising from increased osmolality of the urine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control is known to cause genital yeast infections in both men and women?
Which medication used for diabetic control is known to cause genital yeast infections in both men and women?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control requires dose adjustment or is contraindicated in patients with stage 3 CKD or greater?
Which medication used for diabetic control requires dose adjustment or is contraindicated in patients with stage 3 CKD or greater?
Signup and view all the answers
Which SGLT2 inhibitor is known to potentially cause hyperkalemia as one of its adverse side effects?
Which SGLT2 inhibitor is known to potentially cause hyperkalemia as one of its adverse side effects?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control can be used in combination with sulfonylureas, TZDs, DPP-4 inhibitors, and insulin?
Which medication used for diabetic control can be used in combination with sulfonylureas, TZDs, DPP-4 inhibitors, and insulin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action of metformin in indirectly activating AMPK?
What is the mechanism of action of metformin in indirectly activating AMPK?
Signup and view all the answers
Which adverse side effect is commonly associated with metformin but is very rare and has a 50% fatality rate in severe cases?
Which adverse side effect is commonly associated with metformin but is very rare and has a 50% fatality rate in severe cases?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme do DPP-4 inhibitors target to increase the duration of effectiveness of endogenous GLP-1 and GIP?
Which enzyme do DPP-4 inhibitors target to increase the duration of effectiveness of endogenous GLP-1 and GIP?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential side effect of DPP-4 inhibitors like Alogliptin that is rare but associated with their inhibitory action on substrates involved in inflammation?
What is a potential side effect of DPP-4 inhibitors like Alogliptin that is rare but associated with their inhibitory action on substrates involved in inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which side effect is NOT commonly associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?
Which side effect is NOT commonly associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication class primarily focuses on enhancing tissue insulin sensitivity and improving glycemic control?
Which medication class primarily focuses on enhancing tissue insulin sensitivity and improving glycemic control?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control is known to cause weight loss due to its mechanism of action?
Which medication used for diabetic control is known to cause weight loss due to its mechanism of action?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is known to slow gastric emptying, which can impact the absorption of other drugs taken at the same time?
Which medication is known to slow gastric emptying, which can impact the absorption of other drugs taken at the same time?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication can potentially cause hypotension due to its diuretic effect?
Which medication can potentially cause hypotension due to its diuretic effect?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication can be used in combination with sulfonylureas, TZDs, DPP-4 inhibitors, and insulin?
Which medication can be used in combination with sulfonylureas, TZDs, DPP-4 inhibitors, and insulin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is known to potentially cause lactic acidosis, a rare but serious side effect?
Which medication is known to potentially cause lactic acidosis, a rare but serious side effect?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, especially in patients who already have heart or kidney disease?
Which medication is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, especially in patients who already have heart or kidney disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control can increase the risk of angioedema, urticaria, and bronchial hyperreactivity?
Which medication used for diabetic control can increase the risk of angioedema, urticaria, and bronchial hyperreactivity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control delays gastric emptying, thus impacting the absorption of other drugs?
Which medication used for diabetic control delays gastric emptying, thus impacting the absorption of other drugs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control requires careful consideration before prescribing to patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Which medication used for diabetic control requires careful consideration before prescribing to patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control is contraindicated in patients with IBS and obstruction due to its poor tolerability and side effect of flatulence?
Which medication used for diabetic control is contraindicated in patients with IBS and obstruction due to its poor tolerability and side effect of flatulence?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control can cause genital yeast infections in both men and women?
Which medication used for diabetic control can cause genital yeast infections in both men and women?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control is an amylin analog that helps improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
Which medication used for diabetic control is an amylin analog that helps improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which adverse side effect is NOT commonly associated with Amylin agonist Pramlintide?
Which adverse side effect is NOT commonly associated with Amylin agonist Pramlintide?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a potential adverse side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors that may arise from increased osmolality of the urine?
Which of the following is a potential adverse side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors that may arise from increased osmolality of the urine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which common adverse side effect is associated with both Dapagliflozin and Empagliflozin among the SGLT2 inhibitors?
Which common adverse side effect is associated with both Dapagliflozin and Empagliflozin among the SGLT2 inhibitors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following adverse side effects is NOT commonly seen with SGLT2 inhibitors like Canagliflozin?
Which of the following adverse side effects is NOT commonly seen with SGLT2 inhibitors like Canagliflozin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a less common adverse side effect associated with SGLT2 inhibitors like Bexagliflozin in addition to weight loss and genital yeast infections?
What is a less common adverse side effect associated with SGLT2 inhibitors like Bexagliflozin in addition to weight loss and genital yeast infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a potential adverse drug interaction risk when combining Dapagliflozin with medications that have diuretic effects or affect electrolyte balance?
Which of the following is a potential adverse drug interaction risk when combining Dapagliflozin with medications that have diuretic effects or affect electrolyte balance?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control is an amylin analog that helps improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
Which medication used for diabetic control is an amylin analog that helps improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which class of drugs primarily focuses on enhancing tissue insulin sensitivity and improving glycemic control?
Which class of drugs primarily focuses on enhancing tissue insulin sensitivity and improving glycemic control?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control inhibits the enzyme alpha-glucosidase in the small intestine to delay the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates?
Which medication used for diabetic control inhibits the enzyme alpha-glucosidase in the small intestine to delay the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication should be avoided in patients with renal failure due to the risk of hypoglycemia mainly in elderly patients?
Which medication should be avoided in patients with renal failure due to the risk of hypoglycemia mainly in elderly patients?
Signup and view all the answers
Which SGLT2 inhibitor is known to potentially cause hyperkalemia as one of its adverse side effects?
Which SGLT2 inhibitor is known to potentially cause hyperkalemia as one of its adverse side effects?
Signup and view all the answers
Which DPP-4 inhibitor is considered inappropriate for initial therapy and is usually used as add-on therapy for Type-2 diabetics only?
Which DPP-4 inhibitor is considered inappropriate for initial therapy and is usually used as add-on therapy for Type-2 diabetics only?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control is an amylin analog that helps improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
Which medication used for diabetic control is an amylin analog that helps improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drug class is known to potentially cause volume depletion due to its diuretic effect arising from increased osmolality of the urine?
Which drug class is known to potentially cause volume depletion due to its diuretic effect arising from increased osmolality of the urine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control delays gastric emptying, thus impacting the absorption of other drugs?
Which medication used for diabetic control delays gastric emptying, thus impacting the absorption of other drugs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control is associated with an increased risk of angioedema, urticaria, and bronchial hyperreactivity?
Which medication used for diabetic control is associated with an increased risk of angioedema, urticaria, and bronchial hyperreactivity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control is known to potentially cause lactic acidosis, a rare but serious side effect?
Which medication used for diabetic control is known to potentially cause lactic acidosis, a rare but serious side effect?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication used for diabetic control can lower HbA1c by approximately 0.8% when used as monotherapy?
Which medication used for diabetic control can lower HbA1c by approximately 0.8% when used as monotherapy?
Signup and view all the answers
Amylin agonist Pramlintide is primarily used in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Amylin agonist Pramlintide is primarily used in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Signup and view all the answers
Amylin agonist Pramlintide can cause weight gain as one of its adverse side effects.
Amylin agonist Pramlintide can cause weight gain as one of its adverse side effects.
Signup and view all the answers
All SGLT2 inhibitors are associated with the adverse side effect of bone fractures.
All SGLT2 inhibitors are associated with the adverse side effect of bone fractures.
Signup and view all the answers
Genital yeast infections are a common adverse side effect of all DPP-4 inhibitors.
Genital yeast infections are a common adverse side effect of all DPP-4 inhibitors.
Signup and view all the answers
SGLT2 inhibitors primarily work by inhibiting the enzyme alpha-glucosidase in the small intestine.
SGLT2 inhibitors primarily work by inhibiting the enzyme alpha-glucosidase in the small intestine.
Signup and view all the answers
All SGLT2 inhibitors carry a significant risk of lactic acidosis as an adverse side effect.
All SGLT2 inhibitors carry a significant risk of lactic acidosis as an adverse side effect.
Signup and view all the answers
Metformin primarily stimulates insulin secretion in the pancreas.
Metformin primarily stimulates insulin secretion in the pancreas.
Signup and view all the answers
Amylin agonist Pramlintide is commonly associated with weight gain as a side effect.
Amylin agonist Pramlintide is commonly associated with weight gain as a side effect.
Signup and view all the answers
SGLT2 inhibitors primarily work by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase in the small intestine.
SGLT2 inhibitors primarily work by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase in the small intestine.
Signup and view all the answers
One of the common side effects associated with DPP-4 inhibitors is angioedema.
One of the common side effects associated with DPP-4 inhibitors is angioedema.
Signup and view all the answers
Drug interactions with metformin are mainly due to its effect on increasing intestinal glucose absorption.
Drug interactions with metformin are mainly due to its effect on increasing intestinal glucose absorption.
Signup and view all the answers
Amylin agonist Pramlintide can cause hypoglycemia as an adverse side effect.
Amylin agonist Pramlintide can cause hypoglycemia as an adverse side effect.
Signup and view all the answers
Saxagliptin is considered appropriate for initial therapy in Type-2 diabetics.
Saxagliptin is considered appropriate for initial therapy in Type-2 diabetics.
Signup and view all the answers
Linagliptin delays gastric emptying, impacting the rate and extent of absorption of other drugs.
Linagliptin delays gastric emptying, impacting the rate and extent of absorption of other drugs.
Signup and view all the answers
DPP-4 inhibitors like Sitagliptin increase the duration of effectiveness of endogenous GLP-1 and GIP by inhibiting their breakdown.
DPP-4 inhibitors like Sitagliptin increase the duration of effectiveness of endogenous GLP-1 and GIP by inhibiting their breakdown.
Signup and view all the answers
Alogliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, is widely distributed throughout the body on endothelial cells and circulating form.
Alogliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, is widely distributed throughout the body on endothelial cells and circulating form.
Signup and view all the answers
SGLT2 inhibitors are known to potentially cause lactic acidosis as a rare but serious side effect.
SGLT2 inhibitors are known to potentially cause lactic acidosis as a rare but serious side effect.
Signup and view all the answers
Pramlintide, an amylin agonist, can be used in combination with insulin for diabetic control.
Pramlintide, an amylin agonist, can be used in combination with insulin for diabetic control.
Signup and view all the answers
