Endocrinology: Hypoglycemia, SGLT2 Inhibitors, and Insulin Education

From lack, or reduced effectiveness, of endogenous insulin.

Because it causes serious microvascular and macrovascular problems such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, stroke, MI, renovascular disease, and limb ischemia.

Blood glucose homeostasis is essential to ensure a continuous supply of glucose to the central nervous system.

<p>The brain depends on the liver for a constant supply of glucose for oxidation to generate ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The liver is mainly responsible for maintaining glucose homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is important to consider other cardiovascular risk factors to adopt a holistic approach and prevent associated complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced sensitivity to the action of insulin and an inability to produce sufficient insulin to overcome this 'insulin resistance'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity, lack of exercise, calorie excess, and alcohol excess.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stronger genetic influence than in Type 1 DM, with ≥80% concordance in identical twins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A rare autosomal dominant form of Type 2 DM affecting young people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases insulin secretion, e.g., gliclazide 40mg/d.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid misinterpretation of U for zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a variable peak at 4-12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By providing sugary drinks or GlucoGelR PO if in a coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are used at bedtime and are good if nocturnal hypoglycemia is an issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It blocks the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys and promotes excretion in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise, finger prick glucose, calorie intake, and carbohydrate counting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 2 DM or type 1 with regular lifestyle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves before meals ultra-fast insulin + bedtime long-acting analogue, useful in type 1 DM for achieving a flexible lifestyle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When switching from tablets in type 2 DM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>≥1U/24h for every unit of BMI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BMI &gt;35 with specific psychological or medical problems associated with obesity, or BMI &lt;35 with occupational implications or obesity-related comorbidities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction of HbA1C by at least 11mmol/mol and weight loss of at least 3% of initial body weight in 6 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin detemir has a role in intensive insulin regimens for overweight type 2 DM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Training in flexible, intensive insulin dosing improved glycaemic control as well as wellbeing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advise patients to avoid stopping insulin during acute illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Check blood glucose ≥ 4 times a day and look for ketonuria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advise to get help if concerned, especially if glucose levels are rising or ketonuria is present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Admit if vomiting, dehydrated, ketotic, a child, or pregnant.</p> Signup and view all the answers