Influenza and Related Diseases Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following methods can help in preventing the spread of influenza?

Active immunization with influenza (correct)

Using common eating utensils

Sharing personal towels with others

Ignoring cough and sneeze etiquette

What is the typical incubation period for influenza?

24-72 hours (correct)

1-3 days

5-7 days

10 days

Which sign or symptom is NOT associated with influenza?

Painful swelling of the ear (correct)

Sore throat

Runny nose/Coryza

Fever

What nursing management action is recommended for individuals with influenza?

Providing respiratory isolation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following transmission modes is not associated with influenza?

Indirect contact Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication from influenza due to respiratory tract infections?

Pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of pertussis is characterized by severe coughing fits?

Paroxysmal stage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an appropriate action for contaminated tissues?

Burning if applicable Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the abortive type of poliomyelitis?

Headache and sore throat Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with the early stages of rabies?

Delirium Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of the paralytic phase of poliomyelitis?

Flaccid paralysis Signup and view all the answers

What physical sign is indicated by Hoyne's sign in poliomyelitis?

Head drop when supine Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically found during the prodromal phase of rabies?

Difficulty of swallowing Signup and view all the answers

What complication may occur in the terminal phase of rabies?

Loss of urine and bowel control Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is specifically associated with laryngeal diphtheria?

Hoarseness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is indicative of severe CNS involvement in poliomyelitis?

Increased protein in CSF Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom occurs during the excitement phase of rabies?

Delirium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the paroxysmal stage of pertussis?

Explosive outburst of cough Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is used to assess susceptibility to diphtheria?

Schick’s test Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is characterized by 'croupy cough'?

Pertussis Signup and view all the answers

During the catarrhal stage of pertussis, which symptom is most prevalent?

Persistent dry cough Signup and view all the answers

What serious complication can result from untreated laryngeal diphtheria?

Airway obstruction leading to suffocation Signup and view all the answers

Which test determines hypersensitivity to diphtheria toxin?

Maloney’s test Signup and view all the answers

What is a common early sign of leprosy?

Thickened and/or painful nerves Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is included in the multi-drug therapy for treating leprosy?

Clofazimine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a late sign of leprosy?

Chronic ulcers Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the loss of eyebrow in leprosy patients?

Madarosis Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is prescribed for a single lesion case of leprosy?

Rifampicin and Ofloxacin Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of leprosy on the facial features of a patient?

Sinking of the nose bridge Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is part of domiciliary treatment for leprosy?

Ethambutol Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with early leprosy?

Contractures Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key methods for preventing leprosy?

Adequate nutrition Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccination is recommended for leprosy prevention?

BCG vaccination Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Koplik's spots from Forcheimer's spots?

Koplik's spots are located on the mucous membrane opposite the premolars Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Forcheimer's spots?

Small red lesions on the soft palate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method for preventing leprosy?

Prolonged skin-to-skin contact Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices can reduce the risk of transmitting sexually transmitted diseases?

Using protection during sexual activity Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of measles that is not commonly found in German measles?

Koplik’s spots Signup and view all the answers

Health education plays a significant role in which of the following?

Preventing sexually transmitted diseases Signup and view all the answers

What type of diseases are primarily discussed in the content?

Vector-borne diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is highlighted as a vector-borne disease in the content?

Filariasis Signup and view all the answers

What role does St. Alexius College serve in relation to the discussed topics?

An educational institution Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes vector-borne diseases?

They are transmitted by vectors such as insects or animals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Filariasis?

It is primarily transmitted through air pollution. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method for preventing vector-borne diseases?

Wearing repellent clothing and using insect repellent Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding vector-borne diseases like Filariasis?

They can cause long-term health complications if untreated. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand vector-borne diseases?

To reduce the burden of disease through prevention and awareness. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Communicable Diseases

Communicable diseases are illnesses that can be spread from one person to another.
Different diseases affect various body systems.

Central Nervous System Diseases

Poliomyelitis
Signs and Symptoms:
Abortive type: Does not invade CNS. Symptoms: Headache, Sore throat, Recovery within 72 hours.
Pre-paralytic type: Slight CNS involvement. Symptoms: Pain, spasm of muscles, Transient paresis, (+) Pandy's test–increased protein in CSF.
Paralytic type: CNS involvement. Symptoms: Flaccid paralysis, Affects lower extremities, Urine retention, Constipation, (+) Hoyne's sign.
Complications: Paralysis of respiratory muscles.
Diagnostic Procedures: Stool culture, CSF culture,.
Treatment: Analgesics, Morphine, Moist heat application, Bed rest, Rehabilitation.
Prevention: Salk vaccine (Inactivated polio vaccine, Intramuscular), Sabin vaccine (Oral polio vaccine, Per oral)
Nursing Management: Enteric isolation, Proper disposal of secretions, Moist hot packs, Firm/nonsagging bed, Suitable body alignment, Comfort and safety
Rabies
Signs and Symptoms:
Prodromal/invasion phase: Fever, Anorexia, Sore throat, Pain and tingling at the site of bite, Difficulty swallowing.
Excitement/ Neurological phase: Hydrophobia (laryngospasm), Aerophobia (bronchospasm), Delirium, Maniacal behavior, Drooling of saliva.
Terminal/ paralytic phase: Patient becomes unconscious, Loss of urine and bowel control, Progressive paralysis, Death.
Complications: Death
Diagnostic Procedures: Fluorescent rabies antibodies (FRA), Negri Bodies.
Treatment: Local treatment of wound, Active immunization, Lyssavac, Imovax, Passive immunization, Antirabies vax
Nursing Management: Isolation, Optimum comfort, Restful environment, Emotional support, Concurrent and terminal disinfection
Tetanus
Signs and Symptoms:
Prodromal/invasion phase: R- isus sardonicus, O- pistothonus, T-rismus,.
Excitement/ Neurological phase: C-convulsions, H-eadache, L- rritability, L-aryngeal spasm.
Complications: Death
Treatment: Tetanus immune globulin (TIG), Tetanus antitoxin (TAT), Penicillin G, Tetracycline, Diazepam, Phenobarbital, Tracheostomy, NGT feeding.
Nursing Management: Adequate airway, Quiet, semi-dark environment, Avoid sudden stimuli and light

Tuberculosis

Signs and Symptoms: Cough of 2 weeks, Fever, Chest or back pains, Hemoptysis or recurrent blood-streaked sputum, Significant weight loss, Sweating, fatigue, body malaise, SOB.
Diagnostic Procedures: DSSM (Direct Sputum Smear Microscopy), X-ray or sputum smear, PPD skin test or Mantoux Test (for 3 months to 5 years old)
Treatment: Domiciliary Treatment (fixed-dose combination and Single drug formulation), Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Streptomycin
Nursing Management: N/A

Influenza

Methods of prevention and control:
Cough and sneeze etiquette
Avoid use of common towels, glasses, eating utensils
Active immunization with influenza
Nursing management:
Keep the person away from suffering from respiratory tract infections(prevent pneumonia)
Burning method for contaminated tissues and newspapers(if applicable)
TSB for fever
Coughing and sneezing etiquette
Respiratory isolation
Mode of transmission: Direct contact, droplet transmission, airborne contact with articles freshly soiled with nasopharyngeal discharges
Incubation period: 24-72 hours
4 major signs/symptoms: Fever, Cough, Sore throat, Runny nose/Coryza

Diphtheria

Types: Nasal, Tonsilopharyngeal, Laryngeal
Signs and Symptoms (Nasal): Bloody discharge from nose, Excoriated nares and upper lip.
Signs and Symptoms (Tonsilopharyngeal): Low-grade fever, Sore throat, Bull-neck appearance, presence of pseudomembrane.
Signs and Symptoms (Laryngeal): Hoarseness, Croupy cough, Aphonia, Membrane lining thickness (airway obstruction), Suffocation, cyanosis, death
Diagnostic tests : Schick's test, Susceptibility & immunity to diphtheria, ID of dilute diphtheria toxin (0.1cc), Maloney's test, Determines hypersensitivity to diphtheria toxin, ID of 0.1 cc fluid toxoid, (+) area of erythema in 24H

Pertussis

Stages: Catarrhal, Paroxysmal, Convalescent
Signs and Symptoms (Catarrhal): Lasts for 1-2 weeks, most communicable stage, begins with respiratory infection (sneezing, cough, fever), cough-more frequent at night.
Signs and Symptoms (Paroxysmal): Last for 4-6 weeks, Aura: sneezing, itching, tickling throat, Explosive outburst of cough with “whoop”, Thick mucus(vomiting), Cyanosis, Profuse sweating, involuntary urination
Signs and Symptoms (Convalescent): 4th-6th week, Decrease in paroxysms
Diagnostic tests: CBC- increase in lymphocytes, Mumps IgM antibody in serum specimen

Mumps

Signs and Symptoms:
Painful swelling in front of ear, angle of jaws and down the neck.
Fever, Malaise, Loss of appetite, Orchitis (in some boys).
Complications: Orchitis- (most common complication in male adult), Encephalitis- sudden rise in temp., stiff neck, headache, malaise, nausea and vomiting, delirium and double vision.

AIDS

Signs and Symptoms (Opportunistic Infections):
Pneumocystis carinni pneumonia, Oral candidiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Acute/chronic diarrhea, Pulmonary tuberculosis
Signs and Symptoms (Malignancies): Kaposi's sarcoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Signs and Symptoms (Primary Syphilis): Chancre: small, painless, pimple-like ulceration on the penis, labia majora, minora and lips. May erupt in the genitalia, anus, nipple, tonsils or eyelids, Lymphadenopathy

Syphilis

Primary syphilis: Chancre (small, painless pimple-like ulceration), may erupt in various locations, Lymphadenopathy
Secondary syphilis: Skin rash, mucous patches, hair loss, Condylomata lata (coalescing papules forming a gray-white plaque)
Tertiary syphilis: Gumma (chronic, superficial or deep granulomatous lesion), appears after 1-10 years of infection, affects skin, bones, mucus membranes, URT, liver and stomach
Diagnostic procedures: Dark Field Illumination test, Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption Test, VDRL
Treatment: Penicillin G Benzathine, Doxycycline, Tetracycline.

Chlamydia

Signs and Symptoms (Women): Abdominal or pelvic pain, Bleeding after intercourse, Unusual vaginal discharge
Signs and Symptoms (Men): Burning with urination, Swollen, painful testicles, Discharge from the penis

Gonorrhea

Signs and Symptoms (Women): Bleeding after intercourse, Burning sensation during urination, Yellow or bloody vaginal discharge
Signs and Symptoms (Men): Burning with urination, Swollen, painful testicles, White, yellow or green pus from the penis
Complications:
Women: Pelvic inflammatory disease, Ectopic pregnancy, Sterility
Men: Epididymitis, Sterility
Newborn: Gonococcalophthalmia

Candidiasis

Mode of Transmission: Rise in glucose as in diabetes mellitus, Lowered body resistance as in cancer, Increased estrogen levels in pregnant women, Use of Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Treatment Modalities: Antifungals (Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Imidazole), Used for oral thrush, 48 hours until symptoms disappear, Cotrimoxazole
Nursing Management: N/A

Herpes Simplex

Type 1: Respiratory droplets, Direct exposure to infected saliva, Kissing, Sharing utensils
Type 2: Sexual or genital contact
Treatment: Antivirals (Acyclovir)

Vector-Borne Diseases

Dengue:
Incubation period: 3-14 days
Mode of Transmission: Bite of infected mosquito, Blood transfusion, Contaminated syringe or needle, Trans-placentally
Signs & Symptoms: Fever, Headache, Malaise, Rash, Episodes of Bleeding
Diagnostic procedures: Torniquet test, Screening test for dengue, Platelet count
Malaria:
Incubation period: P. Falciparum - 12 days, P. Vivax - 14 days, P. Ovale - 14 days, P. Malariae - 30 days
Mode of Transmission: Bite of infected mosquito, Blood transfusion, Contaminated syringe or needle, Trans-placentally
Signs & Symptoms: Fever, Chills, Profuse sweating
Diagnostic procedures: Clinical Diagnosis( based on triad symptoms, 50% accuracy), Blood smear, Rapid Diagnostic Test
Treatment Modalities (Dengue): Analgesics(acetaminophen), Volume expanders, Blood Transfusion, Oxygen Therapy, Sedatives
Treatment Modalities (Malaria): Chloroquine, Primaquine, Pyrimethamine, Sulfadoxine, Quinine, Quinidine

Schistosomiasis

Signs and Symptoms (Acute Stage): Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch), Katayama syndrome, Cough, Headache and fever, Anorexia and lethargy, Rash, Myalgia
Signs and Symptoms (Chronic Stage): Hepatic pain, abdominal distension, hematemesis, melena, Intestinal fatigue, abdominal pain, dysentery, Urinary dysuria, Urinary frequency, hematuria, Cardiopulmonary palpitations, dyspnea on exertion, CNS seizures, headache, back pain and paresthesia
Diagnostic Procedures: Fecalysis, Kato-Katz Technique, Cercum ova precipitin test (COPT) , confirmatory test for schistosomiasis
Treatment: Praziquantel (Biltricide), Taken for 6 months, 1 tablet BID for 3 months, 1 tablet OD for 3 months

Filariasis

Acute Stage: Lymphadenitis (inflammation of lymph nodes), Lymphangitis (inflammation of lymph vessel), Male genitalia affected leading to funiculitis, epididymitis, and orchitis (redness, painful, and tender scrotum)
Chronic Stage: Development 10-15 years from first attack, Hydrocele (swelling of the scrotum), Lymphedema (temporary swelling of the upper and lower extremities), Elephantiasis (enlargement and thickening of the skin of the upper and lower extremities, scrotum, and breast)
Diagnostic Procedures: Nocturnal blood examination (NBE), Immunochromatographic test (ICT)
Treatment: Diethylcarbamazine Citrate (DEC) or HETRAZAN
Prevention and Control: Environmental sanitation, use of mosquito nets, use of long sleeves, long pants, socks, application of insect repellants, screening of houses.

Chickenpox

Signs and Symptoms: Rashes (centrifugal distribution), Rash stages: macule, papule, vesicle, pustule, crust, Pruritus
Period of Communicability: One day before eruption of 1st lesion and five days after appearance of last crop.
Complications: Scarring, Necrotizing Fasciitis, Reye Syndrome

Herpes Zoster

Signs and Symptoms: Rashes (unilateral, band-like distribution, dermatomal), Erythematous base, Vesicular, pustular, or crusting, Regional lymphadenopathy, Pruritus, Pain (stabbing or burning)
Period of Communicability: One day before eruption of 1st rash and five to six days after the last crust
Complications: Ramsay Hunt Syndrome, Gasserian Ganglionitis , Encephalitis
Treatment Modalities : Corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory and decreased pain), Analgesics and antipyretics, Antiviral agents (Acyclovir)

Measles

Signs and Symptoms (Pre-eruptive): Cough, Coryza, Conjunctivitis, Fever(high-grade), Photophobia
Signs and Symptoms (Eruptive): Rashes (Elevated papules, Begin on the face, Spread to trunk and extremities, Color: Dark red – purplish hue– yellow brown), Desquamation, Rashes fade from the face downwards
Signs and Symbols (Measles): Koplik's spots (bluish white spots surrounded by a red halo on the buccal mucosa opposite the premolar teeth)
Complications: Pneumonia, Otitis media, Severe diarrhea, Encephalitis
Diagnostic Procedures: N/A
Treatment Modalities: Vitamin A, Antipyretics, Penicillin (if secondary infection sets in)
Nursing Management: Darkened room, Liquid and nourishing diet, Warm saline solution for eyes, Tepid sponge bath and antipyretics, Skin care, Respiratory isolation

German Measles

Signs and Symptoms (Pre-eruptive): Fever, Headache, Malaise, Coryza, Conjunctivitis
Signs and Symptoms (Eruptive): Pinkish, maculopapular rash, Begins on the face, Spread to trunk, No pigmentation or desquamation. Posteriors auricular and suboccipital lymphadenopathy
Complications: Encephalitis, Congenital rubella syndrome.
Diagnostic Procedures: N/A
Treatment Modalities: Aspirin (help reduce fever, inflammation)

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Test your knowledge on influenza and other related diseases such as poliomyelitis and rabies. This quiz covers symptoms, prevention methods, and nursing management actions. Perfect for healthcare students and professionals looking to refresh their understanding of infectious diseases.