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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic feature of exudate in acute inflammation?
What is a characteristic feature of exudate in acute inflammation?
Which of the following is a key beneficial effect of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is a key beneficial effect of acute inflammation?
Which type of effect can swelling due to acute inflammation have?
Which type of effect can swelling due to acute inflammation have?
What role do protective antibodies play in acute inflammation?
What role do protective antibodies play in acute inflammation?
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How can inappropriate responses during acute inflammation be characterized?
How can inappropriate responses during acute inflammation be characterized?
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What occurs when acute inflammation successfully eliminates the offending agents?
What occurs when acute inflammation successfully eliminates the offending agents?
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Which of the following cells are predominantly involved in chronic inflammation?
Which of the following cells are predominantly involved in chronic inflammation?
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Which type of chronic inflammation involves the formation of granulomas?
Which type of chronic inflammation involves the formation of granulomas?
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What is a common cause of chronic inflammation due to persistent infections?
What is a common cause of chronic inflammation due to persistent infections?
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What is the outcome of prolonged exposure to non-degradable toxic substances?
What is the outcome of prolonged exposure to non-degradable toxic substances?
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How can chronic cholecystitis be classified based on the histologic features?
How can chronic cholecystitis be classified based on the histologic features?
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In which response do tissue destruction and repair occur simultaneously?
In which response do tissue destruction and repair occur simultaneously?
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Which of the following cellular responses is primarily associated with allergic reactions?
Which of the following cellular responses is primarily associated with allergic reactions?
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Which of the following is a primary cellular characteristic of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is a primary cellular characteristic of acute inflammation?
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Which type of cell undergoes transformation into epithelia-like cells in a granuloma?
Which type of cell undergoes transformation into epithelia-like cells in a granuloma?
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What is the typical leukocyte count associated with leukocytosis during bacterial infections?
What is the typical leukocyte count associated with leukocytosis during bacterial infections?
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What is a major systemic effect of inflammation that is closely regulated by the hypothalamus?
What is a major systemic effect of inflammation that is closely regulated by the hypothalamus?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of granulomatous inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of granulomatous inflammation?
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Which metabolic response is associated with inflammation and involves increased production from the liver?
Which metabolic response is associated with inflammation and involves increased production from the liver?
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What chronic infection is primarily associated with eosinophilia?
What chronic infection is primarily associated with eosinophilia?
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Which of the following behavioral responses can occur during systemic inflammation?
Which of the following behavioral responses can occur during systemic inflammation?
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Study Notes
Inflammation Overview
- Inflammation is a localized response of vascularized tissues to stimuli, either endogenous or exogenous.
- It's a protective mechanism aiming to neutralize the cause of injury and limit tissue damage.
- The Latin word "inflammare" means "to burn," reflecting the visible signs of inflammation.
- Inflammation is a vital physiological process, not always a disease itself.
Five Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Redness (Rubor): Dilation of small blood vessels in inflamed tissue.
- Heat (Calor): Increased blood flow (hyperemia) caused by vasodilation.
- Swelling (Tumor): Fluid accumulation in the extravascular space due to increased vascular permeability.
- Pain (Dolor): Stretching and destruction of tissues due to inflammation and chemical factors like bradykinin, prostaglandins, and serotonin.
- Loss of Function: The inflamed area might be inhibited by pain, and swelling may physically immobilize the tissue.
Causes of Inflammation
- Physical agents: Injuries, temperature changes, radiation.
- Chemical agents: Drugs, toxins.
- Biological agents (infectious): Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites.
- Immunologic disorders: Hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency.
- Genetic/metabolic disorders: Gout, diabetes.
Acute Inflammation
- A rapid, immediate response to an injurious agent.
- Short duration (minutes to a few days).
- Characterized by exudation of fluids and proteins (edema) and the migration of neutrophils to the site of injury.
- Five cardinal signs are prominent features.
- Cellular responses include migration, adhesion, transmigration, and chemotaxis of leukocytes (white blood cells), and phagocytosis.
- Macrophages are essential phagocytic cells.
- Inflammation results in acute exudate formation.
- Outcome: Complete resolution, healing by connective tissue replacement, progression to chronic inflammation, or abscess formation.
Chronic Inflammation
- Prolonged inflammatory process (weeks to months).
- Involves continual inflammation, tissue destruction, and repair attempts simultaneously.
- Typically caused by persistent infections (e.g., tuberculosis, leprosy) or non-degradable/toxic substances (e.g., lipid components in atherosclerosis).
- Characterized by presence of lymphocytes, macrophages and granuloma formation.
- Granulomas are aggregates of activated macrophages (epithelioid cells) that form focal areas of chronic inflammation.
Beneficial Effects of Inflammation
- Dilution of toxins: Reducing the concentration of harmful substances at the injury site.
- Protective antibodies: Creating a presence of antibodies at the injury site to destroy pathogens.
- Fibrin formation: Preventing the spread of bacteria and enhances phagocytosis.
- Plasma mediator systems: Providing complement, coagulation, and kinin systems to the injury area.
- Promotion of immunity: Carrying microorganisms and toxins to lymph nodes to stimulate immune response.
Harmful Effects of Inflammation
- Tissue destruction: Necrosis due to inflammation.
- Swelling: Mechanical effects, such as impaired breathing or increased intracranial pressure.
- Inappropriate response: Hypersensitivity reactions.
Nomenclature of Inflammatory Lesions
- Inflammatory lesions are typically named using the suffix "-itis". (e.g., appendicitis, meningitis).
Classification of Inflammation
- Broad classification of inflammation into acute and chronic based on duration and histological features.
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
- Fever: Hypothalamus-mediated response involving cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α).
- Endocrine and metabolic responses: Liver produces acute phase proteins (C-reactive proteins, serum amyloid A).
- Autonomic responses: Increased blood flow to deep vascular bed; increased pulse rate and blood pressure.
- Behavioral responses: Rigor, chills, anorexia, and malaise.
- Leukocytosis/Leukopenia: Increased or decreased WBC count in response to infection or inflammation.
- Weight loss: Increased catabolism in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, negative nitrogen balance.
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Description
Explore the crucial aspects of inflammation, a vital physiological process and protective mechanism against injury. This quiz covers the five cardinal signs of inflammation, their causes, and the underlying biological responses that occur in vascularized tissues. Understand how inflammation works to neutralize harm and protect the body.
