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Questions and Answers
Which microorganisms are specifically associated with chronic inflammation due to their low toxicity and delayed hypersensitivity reactions?
Which microorganisms are specifically associated with chronic inflammation due to their low toxicity and delayed hypersensitivity reactions?
What type of chronic inflammation is characterized by a diffuse accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes at the site of injury?
What type of chronic inflammation is characterized by a diffuse accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes at the site of injury?
Which cells predominantly respond to parasitic infestations and allergic reactions in chronic inflammation?
Which cells predominantly respond to parasitic infestations and allergic reactions in chronic inflammation?
What term describes the transformation of macrophages into epithelioid cells within a granuloma?
What term describes the transformation of macrophages into epithelioid cells within a granuloma?
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Which example is classified as an instance of chronic cholecystitis?
Which example is classified as an instance of chronic cholecystitis?
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What is a known cause of chronic inflammation linked to prolonged exposure to non-degradable substances?
What is a known cause of chronic inflammation linked to prolonged exposure to non-degradable substances?
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Which autoimmune disease is an example of chronic inflammation from its onset?
Which autoimmune disease is an example of chronic inflammation from its onset?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of granulomatous inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of granulomatous inflammation?
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What leads to the progression from acute inflammation to chronic inflammation?
What leads to the progression from acute inflammation to chronic inflammation?
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Which substances are specifically mentioned as causes of chronic inflammation due to non-degradability?
Which substances are specifically mentioned as causes of chronic inflammation due to non-degradability?
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What does the term 'inflammation' mean in its literal sense?
What does the term 'inflammation' mean in its literal sense?
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What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
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Which of the following best describes inflammation?
Which of the following best describes inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of inflammation?
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Which of the following factors can trigger the process of inflammation?
Which of the following factors can trigger the process of inflammation?
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What role does exudate play in the immune response during acute inflammation?
What role does exudate play in the immune response during acute inflammation?
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According to Sir John Hunter's observation, how should inflammation be regarded?
According to Sir John Hunter's observation, how should inflammation be regarded?
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Which of the following is NOT a beneficial effect of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a beneficial effect of acute inflammation?
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What role do leukocytes play in inflammation?
What role do leukocytes play in inflammation?
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Chronic inflammation can best be characterized by which of the following?
Chronic inflammation can best be characterized by which of the following?
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What is one potential harmful effect of acute inflammation?
What is one potential harmful effect of acute inflammation?
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Which of the following is least likely associated with inflammation?
Which of the following is least likely associated with inflammation?
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Which is a possible outcome if acute inflammation is unsuccessful in clearing the invaders?
Which is a possible outcome if acute inflammation is unsuccessful in clearing the invaders?
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What type of reaction is inflammation considered to be?
What type of reaction is inflammation considered to be?
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How do plasma mediator systems contribute to the inflammatory response?
How do plasma mediator systems contribute to the inflammatory response?
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What can occur as a result of inappropriate inflammatory responses?
What can occur as a result of inappropriate inflammatory responses?
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What is the role of fibrin formation during acute inflammation?
What is the role of fibrin formation during acute inflammation?
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Which symptom indicates a possible serious mechanical effect from swelling due to acute inflammation?
Which symptom indicates a possible serious mechanical effect from swelling due to acute inflammation?
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Which of the following is a major bacterial cause of granulomatous inflammation?
Which of the following is a major bacterial cause of granulomatous inflammation?
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What role do cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-α play in inflammatory responses?
What role do cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-α play in inflammatory responses?
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In which condition is leukopenia typically observed?
In which condition is leukopenia typically observed?
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Which of the following describes the most common feature of leukocytosis?
Which of the following describes the most common feature of leukocytosis?
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Which systemic effect of inflammation involves the redirection of blood flow?
Which systemic effect of inflammation involves the redirection of blood flow?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom associated with fever in inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom associated with fever in inflammation?
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Which type of inflammation is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space due to increased vascular permeability?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space due to increased vascular permeability?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the five cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
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What mechanism drives the emigration of leukocytes during acute inflammation?
What mechanism drives the emigration of leukocytes during acute inflammation?
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Which of the following cellular responses is primarily responsible for the engulfment and internalization of debris during acute inflammation?
Which of the following cellular responses is primarily responsible for the engulfment and internalization of debris during acute inflammation?
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Which biological agent is not classified as a contributor to inflammatory lesions?
Which biological agent is not classified as a contributor to inflammatory lesions?
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Which histological feature is commonly associated with acute inflammation?
Which histological feature is commonly associated with acute inflammation?
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Which chemical mediators are known to induce pain during acute inflammation?
Which chemical mediators are known to induce pain during acute inflammation?
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What term describes the suffix commonly used in nomenclature to indicate inflammation?
What term describes the suffix commonly used in nomenclature to indicate inflammation?
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In which type of inflammation would you expect a prolonged response to an injurious agent?
In which type of inflammation would you expect a prolonged response to an injurious agent?
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Which metabolic disorder is an example of a genetic/metabolic disorder associated with inflammation?
Which metabolic disorder is an example of a genetic/metabolic disorder associated with inflammation?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Inflammation
- Inflammation is a Latin word derived from the word "inflammare," meaning to burn.
- It's a localized response (reaction) of living, vascular tissues to endogenous and exogenous stimuli.
- The main purpose is to localize and eliminate the causative agent and to limit tissue injury.
- Inflammation is a protective response to injury, observed by Sir John Hunter in 1794.
- It's a physiological response, not a disease itself, often a result of violence or another disease.
- Inflammation is fundamentally designed to remove the initial cause of cell injury (like microbes or toxins) and the consequences (like necrotic cells).
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Redness (rubor): Caused by dilation of small blood vessels in damaged tissues (e.g., cellulitis).
- Heat (calor): Results from increased blood flow (hyperemia) due to dilated blood vessels.
- Swelling (tumor): Accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space, caused by increased vascular permeability.
- Pain (dolor): Partly from tissue stretching and destruction due to inflammation, and pressure of pus in abscesses. Chemicals like bradykinins, prostaglandins, and serotonin also cause pain.
- Loss of function: Pain and swelling can inhibit function and immobilize tissues.
Causes of Inflammation
- Physical agents: Injuries from mechanical, temperature, or pressure changes, or radiation.
- Chemical agents: Drugs and toxins.
- Biological agents (infectious): Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
- Immunologic disorders: Hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmunity, and immunodeficiency.
- Genetic/metabolic disorders: Gout and diabetes mellitus.
Nomenclature
- Inflammatory lesions are usually named using the suffix "-itis".
- For example, inflammation of the appendix is called appendicitis, and inflammation of the meninges is called meningitis.
Classification of Inflammation
- Inflammation is crudely classified based on duration and histological appearance.
- It is categorized into acute and chronic inflammation.
Acute Inflammation
- An immediate and early response to an injurious agent.
- Short-duration response (minutes to a few days).
- Characterized by fluid exudation (edema) and the emigration of neutrophils to the injured site.
- The five cardinal signs of acute inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
Cellular Response to Acute Inflammation
- Migration, rolling, pavementing, and adhesion of leukocytes
- Transmigration of leukocytes (escape from venules)
- Chemotaxis (leukocytes to the site of inflammation)
- Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
- Phagocytosis is the engulfment and internalization of material (e.g., microorganisms, damaged cells, and debris) by specialized cells.
- Phagocytic cells include neutrophils, monocytes, and tissue macrophages.
Morphology of Acute Inflammation
- Exudates: Edema fluid with high protein concentration, often containing inflammatory cells.
Effects of Acute Inflammation
- Dilution of toxins: Exudates reduce and dilute chemical/bacterial toxins.
- Protective antibodies: Plasma proteins, including antibodies, are present at the injury site, leading to destruction of organisms by phagocytosis or complement-mediated cell lysis.
- Fibrin formation: Prevents bacterial spread and enhances leukocyte phagocytosis.
- Plasma mediator systems: Complement, coagulation, fibrinolytic, and kinin systems are provided to the injured area.
- Promotion of immunity: Micro-organisms and toxins are carried to the lymph nodes, stimulating an immune response and thus the generation of antibodies.
Chronic Inflammation
- A prolonged inflammatory process (weeks or months).
- Active inflammation, tissue destruction, and repair attempt simultaneously.
- There are two main subtypes: nonspecific chronic and specific (granulomatous) inflammation.
- Potential causes: Persistent infections (e.g., tuberculosis, leprosy), prolonged exposure to non-degradable/toxic substances (e.g., endogenous lipid components causing atherosclerosis, silica, asbestos), or autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Cells Involved in Chronic Inflammation
- Monocytes and macrophages
- T-lymphocytes
- B-lymphocytes and plasma cells
- Mast cells and eosinophils (predominantly in response to parasitic infections & allergic reactions).
Classification of Chronic Inflammation
- Nonspecific chronic inflammation: Macrophage and lymphocyte accumulation at the injury site, often accompanied by fibrous tissue. (e.g., chronic cholecystitis).
- Specific (granulomatous) inflammation: Characterized by granuloma formation—a microscopic aggregate of epithelioid cells (activated macrophages with a modified epithelial appearance). Causes include bacteria (tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis), fungi (histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis), helminths (schistosomiasis), protozoa (leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis), chlamydia (lymphogranuloma venerum), and inorganic materials (berylliosis).
Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
- Complete resolution
- Healing by connective tissue replacement
- Progression to chronic inflammation
- Abscess formation
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
- Fever
- Endocrine and metabolic responses (e.g., liver secretes acute-phase proteins like C-reactive proteins and amyloid A)
- Autonomic responses (e.g., redirection of blood flow, increased pulse rate and blood pressure)
- Behavioral Responses (e.g., rigor, chills, anorexia, somnolence)
- Leukocytosis (increased white blood cells) or Leukopenia (decreased white blood cells)
- Weight loss
Causes of Chronic Inflammation (more detail)
- Persistent Infections: Certain microorganisms (e.g., tuberculosis, leprosy, fungi) cause chronic inflammation.
- Toxic substances: Prolonged exposure to non-degradable/partially toxic substances (e.g., endogenous lipids that lead to atherosclerosis, or exogenous substances like silica and asbestos)
- Autoimmunity: Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus are chronic from the onset.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of inflammation, defined as a protective response to injury in living tissues. It covers the physiological mechanisms, cardinal signs, and historical perspectives on inflammation. Test your understanding of these vital processes and their importance in health and disease.
