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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the inflammatory process?
What is the primary purpose of the inflammatory process?
Which of the following is NOT a biochemical mediator of the inflammatory process?
Which of the following is NOT a biochemical mediator of the inflammatory process?
What is the effect of vasodilation during the inflammatory process?
What is the effect of vasodilation during the inflammatory process?
What is the role of neutrophils in the inflammatory process?
What is the role of neutrophils in the inflammatory process?
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What is the purpose of increased capillary permeability during inflammation?
What is the purpose of increased capillary permeability during inflammation?
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What is the role of chemotaxis in the inflammatory process?
What is the role of chemotaxis in the inflammatory process?
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What is the optimal temperature for the inflammatory process?
What is the optimal temperature for the inflammatory process?
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Which of the following is NOT a vascular response to inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a vascular response to inflammation?
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What is the first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome?
What is the first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome?
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Which of the following is NOT a protective agent against stress?
Which of the following is NOT a protective agent against stress?
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Which of the following is released from the adrenal glands during the alarm phase?
Which of the following is released from the adrenal glands during the alarm phase?
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In the General Adaptation Syndrome, what happens if the stressor is prolonged during the resistance phase?
In the General Adaptation Syndrome, what happens if the stressor is prolonged during the resistance phase?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that can trigger stress?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can trigger stress?
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What is the role of cortisol during the stress response?
What is the role of cortisol during the stress response?
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Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is associated with the body's defenses being utilized and potential damage occurring?
Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is associated with the body's defenses being utilized and potential damage occurring?
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What is the primary function of skin in the body's defense mechanisms?
What is the primary function of skin in the body's defense mechanisms?
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Which of the following best describes the role of inflammation in the body's defense mechanisms?
Which of the following best describes the role of inflammation in the body's defense mechanisms?
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What is the primary function of the immune response in the body's defense mechanisms?
What is the primary function of the immune response in the body's defense mechanisms?
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Which of the following is the principal blood work used to diagnose infection or cellular stress?
Which of the following is the principal blood work used to diagnose infection or cellular stress?
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What is the cellular trigger that prompts the body to deliver more oxygen to tissues?
What is the cellular trigger that prompts the body to deliver more oxygen to tissues?
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What does the acronym R.I.C.E. stand for in the context of inflammatory response?
What does the acronym R.I.C.E. stand for in the context of inflammatory response?
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What temperature do our clotting factors need to function properly?
What temperature do our clotting factors need to function properly?
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Which of the following is a localized collection of pus?
Which of the following is a localized collection of pus?
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Which of the following is a key goal in the treatment of inflammation?
Which of the following is a key goal in the treatment of inflammation?
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Which phase of the inflammatory process involves the rebuilding of damaged tissue?
Which phase of the inflammatory process involves the rebuilding of damaged tissue?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
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What is a potential complication of the healing process?
What is a potential complication of the healing process?
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Which of the following is a common inflammatory problem characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial membranes?
Which of the following is a common inflammatory problem characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial membranes?
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What is the role of pannus formation in the pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
What is the role of pannus formation in the pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
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Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic criterion for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic criterion for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
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What is a common site for an ulcer?
What is a common site for an ulcer?
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Which condition is characterized by general edema, redness, pain, and heat in the affected area?
Which condition is characterized by general edema, redness, pain, and heat in the affected area?
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What is the primary outcome of an abscess forming a head?
What is the primary outcome of an abscess forming a head?
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What is the main cause of SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome)?
What is the main cause of SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome)?
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Which blood work test is used for identifying infection by pathogens in the blood?
Which blood work test is used for identifying infection by pathogens in the blood?
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What distinguishes cellulitis from an abscess?
What distinguishes cellulitis from an abscess?
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What is the characteristic feature of an ulcer in terms of tissue condition?
What is the characteristic feature of an ulcer in terms of tissue condition?
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What are common bacteria associated with abscess formation?
What are common bacteria associated with abscess formation?
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Septicemia involves the presence of pathogens in which bodily fluid?
Septicemia involves the presence of pathogens in which bodily fluid?
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Which cellular component is responsible for breaching the target in the inflammatory response?
Which cellular component is responsible for breaching the target in the inflammatory response?
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What cardinal sign of localized inflammation is characterized by the formation of a scab-like appearance?
What cardinal sign of localized inflammation is characterized by the formation of a scab-like appearance?
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Which type of exudate in inflammation contains clear serum-like fluid with proteins?
Which type of exudate in inflammation contains clear serum-like fluid with proteins?
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Which of the following is a cardinal sign of systemic inflammation?
Which of the following is a cardinal sign of systemic inflammation?
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What is the primary function of chemotaxis in the inflammatory process?
What is the primary function of chemotaxis in the inflammatory process?
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Which leukocyte is primarily responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens during inflammation?
Which leukocyte is primarily responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens during inflammation?
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Study Notes
Inflammation
- Inflammation is a vascular and cellular response to cellular trauma, aimed at initiating the healing process and protecting the body by localizing the injury or infection.
- The inflammatory process involves mediators, such as mast cells, histamine, and prostaglandins, which stimulate pain receptors and increase vascular permeability.
Vascular Responses to Inflammation
- Increases vascular (capillary) permeability, allowing fluid to move from the intravascular fluid (IVF) to the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment.
- Vasodilation increases blood flow, causing redness and heat.
- The spreading of endothelial cells leads to localized edema.
Cellular Response to Inflammation
- Neutrophils, the "foot soldiers" of the process, eat and destroy microorganisms, foreign materials, or dead cells through chemotaxis and phagocytosis.
Stress and Inflammation
- Stress is triggered by multiple factors, including anxiety, depression, disease, insomnia, infections, cardiovascular disease, and trauma.
- The body's stress response involves three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
- The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is the body's response to stress, which involves the release of catecholamines and cortisol from the adrenal glands.
Defense Mechanisms
- The body has three defense mechanisms: physical surface barriers, inflammation, and immune response.
- Physical surface barriers, such as the skin, provide the first line of defense against infection.
- Inflammation is triggered by damage to tissue and involves the isolation and destruction of the invading microorganism.
- The immune response involves the production of lymphocytes and the antigen-antibody response.
Inflammatory Responses
- The inflammatory response is a complex process that involves the activation of various cells and the release of chemical mediators.
- The process can be divided into three phases: acute inflammation, tissue formation, and remodeling.
- Chronic inflammation is a prolonged or persistent inflammatory response that can lead to complications such as infection, ulceration, dehiscence, and adhesions.
Inflammatory Diseases
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the synovial membranes and joints.
- The disease is characterized by chronic inflammation, remissions, and exacerbations, and can lead to cartilage erosion and fibrosis.
- The diagnosis of RA is based on a combination of clinical and laboratory findings, including increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (IgG), and antinuclear antibodies (ANA).
Treatment of Inflammation
- The treatment of inflammation involves reducing the blood flow, decreasing swelling, and blocking the action of chemical mediators.
- Pharmacologic treatment options include NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors, and corticosteroids.
- Non-pharmacologic treatment options include rest, physical therapy, and splints.
Inflammatory Lesions
- Inflammatory lesions include wounds, ulcers, wheals, blisters, vesicles, pustules, and tumors.
- Abscesses are a type of inflammatory lesion that forms a head, causing an outpouring of pus and relief of pain.
- Ulcers are crater-like lesions that result from an injury and the inflammatory process.
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
- SIRS is a nonspecific response to infection, inflammation, trauma, or other insults.
- The syndrome is characterized by a combination of clinical and laboratory findings, including fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, and leukocytosis.
Cellular Response
- The cellular response to inflammation involves the activation of various cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes.
- The process involves chemotaxis, cellular adherence, and cellular migration.
- The cardinal signs of localized inflammation include heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
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Description
Explore the physiological aspects of stress, the body's defense mechanisms, the inflammation response system, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Learn about the phases of stress, common triggers, inflammation diseases, and the progression of inflammation.
