Inflammation: Causes and Cellular Events
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Inflammation: Causes and Cellular Events

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Questions and Answers

What are the classical signs of acute inflammation?

  • Redness, heat, swelling, pain (correct)
  • Pain, fatigue, skin rash, shortness of breath
  • Fever, malaise, fatigue, swelling
  • Cough, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite

    • Which of the following best describes a cellular exudate?

  • A fluid rich in white blood cells and cellular debris (correct)
  • A fluid that contains plasma proteins and few cells
  • A clear fluid without any significant cellular components
  • A thick fluid that is primarily composed of red blood cells

    • What stimuli can lead to the generation of acute inflammation?

  • Physical agents only
  • Immunological, chemical, physical, and microbial agents (correct)
  • Only microbial agents
  • Only immune response triggers

    • What is the primary process involved in phagocytosis?

    <p>Engulfing and digesting pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a chemical mediator of inflammation?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cellular infiltrate is primarily involved in acute inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is typically associated with chronic inflammation?

    <p>Fibrosis and angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT one of the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical onset of acute inflammation?

    <p>Fast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injury is most commonly associated with acute inflammation?

    <p>Trauma and infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily characterizes chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?

    <p>Monocyte dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systemic factor is likely to be prominent in acute inflammation?

    <p>Transudation of fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of exposure is commonly linked to chronic inflammation?

    <p>Long-term exposure to irritants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytokines in inflammation?

    <p>To mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines are known for their pro-inflammatory effects?

    <p>Interleukin (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant role of TNF in the inflammatory process?

    <p>Inducing fever and activating immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does histamine primarily have on blood vessels?

    <p>It causes dilation of arterioles and increases permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilation and systemic inflammatory responses?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukotrienes are primarily produced by which types of cells?

    <p>Leucocytes and mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major function of chemokines in the immune response?

    <p>To act as chemo-attractants for specific leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes acute inflammation from chronic inflammation?

    <p>Acute inflammation is characterized by immediate onset and short duration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main causes of increased vascular permeability?

    <p>Endothelial cell contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of phagocytic cell is part of the early inflammatory response?

    <p>Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chemical mediators play in the inflammatory response?

    <p>They act upon blood vessels or inflammatory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is opsonization in the context of the immune response?

    <p>The process of marking pathogens for phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of phagocytic cell mentioned?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of pus?

    <p>Suppurative inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cytokines?

    <p>Chemical proteins that mediate inflammatory responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to leakage from new blood vessels during inflammation?

    <p>Increased transcytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Inflammation is a complex biological response to injury or infection
    • Inflammation can be acute or chronic

    Acute Inflammation

    • Characterized by a rapid onset and a short duration
    • Often involves neutrophils as the primary inflammatory cells
    • There are five cardinal signs: rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), and loss of function

    Causes of Inflammation

    • Infections: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
    • Tissue Necrosis: Physical or chemical injuries (heart attack, burns, frostbite)
    • Trauma: Blunt or penetrating trauma, burns, frostbite, chemicals
    • Foreign bodies: Splinters, sutures, bones, finger nails, popcorn kernels
    • Immune (hypersensitivity) reactions: Triggered by environmental factors or autoimmune diseases

    Cellular Events in Inflammation

    • Leukocyte recruitment:
      • Chemotaxis: Movement of leukocytes towards the site of inflammation following chemical signals
    • Phagocytosis:
      • The engulfment of particles by phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages)
      • Important for clearing pathogens and cellular debris

    Chemical Mediators in Inflammation

    • Chemical messengers:
      • Act upon blood vessels, inflammatory cells, or other cells to cause an inflammatory response
    • Two types of chemical mediators:
      • Exogenous (external): From outside the body, like endotoxins
      • Endogenous (internal): From within the body, produced by cells like leukocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts.
    • Categories of Chemical Mediators:
      • Cytokines
      • Vasoactive amines (histamine)
      • Prostaglandins
      • Leukotrienes
      • Chemokines

    ### Cytokines

    • Proteins produced by many cells, including macrophages, B lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and neutrophils
    • Important for immune cell communication, recruitment, and activation
    • Examples include interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
    • TNF can induce fever

    Vasoactive Amines

    • Histamine: A vasoactive amine released from mast cells
    • Acts on blood vessels causing dilation of arterioles and increased permeability

    ### Prostaglandins

    • Lipid compounds produced by mast cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells
    • Involved in vascular and systemic reactions of inflammation
    • Cause vasodilation, fever, and pain

    ### Leukotrienes

    • Lipid compounds produced by leukocytes and mast cells by the action of lipoxygenase
    • Act as chemotactic factors, attracting neutrophils to the site of inflammation
    • Often accompanied by histamine and prostaglandins
    • Release lysosomal enzymes (e.g. proteases)
    • Cause vasoconstriction

    ### Chemokines

    • A family of small proteins
    • Primarily act as chemoattractants, attracting specific types of leukocytes to the site of inflammation
    • Enhance chemotaxis (cell migration)

    ### Patterns of Acute Inflammation

    • Serous: Characterized by the exudation of a thin, watery fluid
    • Fibrinous: Characterized by the exudation of a fibrin-rich fluid
    • Suppurative (purulent): An inflammatory response associated with the production of pus, which is a thick, yellowish fluid containing dead neutrophils, bacteria, and other debris
    • Ulcerative: Inflammation associated with the formation of an ulcer, an open sore or erosion of the surface of an organ or tissue

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    Description

    This quiz explores the intricacies of inflammation, including its types, causes, and the cellular processes involved. Learn about acute inflammation, the role of leukocytes, and the cardinal signs associated with the response to injury or infection.

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