Inflammation and Its Cellular Components

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of inflammation?

To enhance the proliferation of tissue cells only
To prevent blood flow to the affected area
To eliminate pathogens without causing tissue damage
To increase blood flow to the site of injury (correct)

Which cell type is primarily responsible for the cellular component of the inflammatory response?

Leukocytes (correct)
Platelets
Erythrocytes
Endothelial cells

Which of the following statements is true regarding endothelial cells in inflammation?

They contribute to the formation of pus.
They create a selective permeable barrier and regulate blood flow. (correct)
They are only involved in the healing phase of inflammation.
They are responsible for producing red blood cells.

What are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocyte is primarily involved in allergic reactions and chronic inflammation?

Eosinophils (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do platelets contribute to the inflammatory response?

By releasing adhesion molecules once activated (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mediator is produced by platelets during inflammation?

Cell-derived mediators (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role do growth factors play in inflammation?

They stimulate the repair process. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary kinin involved in the kinin system that leads to pain and blood vessel dilation?

Bradykinin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which complement protein is the most abundant in the complement system?

C3 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What reaction in acute inflammation is mediated by histamine and nitric oxide?

Vasodilation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for the coagulation system to form a fibrous meshwork?

Fibrin (B) Signup and view all the answers

Chronic inflammation is characterized by the infiltration of which types of cells?

Macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of events in the developmental process of a fever?

Prodromal period → Chill → Flush → Defervescence (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do anti-histamines impact the immediate inflammatory response?

They block H1 receptors, antagonizing the effects of histamine. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What cellular mechanism allows leukocytes to cross the blood vessel membrane?

Transmigration (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of pyrogens are released from host macrophages that influence fever?

Endogenous pyrogens (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the eicosanoid family in inflammation?

To mediate vascular changes in response to injury (D) Signup and view all the answers

What outcome of acute inflammation involves substantial scarring?

Substantial scarring and fibrosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role do cytokines play in the inflammatory response?

They act as cellular messengers in autocrine and paracrine manners. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of the acute inflammatory response does margination occur?

Cellular stage (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one common manifestation of fever in the elderly population?

Confusion or delirium (B) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phases of acute inflammation with their descriptions:

Vascular Stage = Involves vasodilation and increased permeability Cellular Stage = Involves emigration of leukocytes to the injury site Resolution = Complete removal of the injurious agent Progression = Transition from acute to chronic inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following mediators with their source:

Histamine = Mast cells Serotonin = Platelets Bradykinin = Kinin system Prostaglandins = Leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with their corresponding stage of fever:

Prodromal period = Mild headache and fatigue Chill = Vasoconstriction and sensation of being cold Flush = Cutaneous vasodilation and reddened skin Defervescence = Initiation of sweating as temperature falls Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of inflammation with their characteristics:

Acute Inflammation = Early and immediate response to injury Chronic Inflammation = Longer duration and persistent agent Local Inflammation = Confined to a specific area Systemic Inflammation = Affects the entire body Signup and view all the answers

Match the following outcomes of acute inflammation with their descriptions:

Complete resolution = Total healing without residual effects Substantial scarring = Formation of fibrous tissue at the injury site Progression to chronic inflammation = Continuous inflammation due to unresolved factors Acute and chronic coexistence = Both types of inflammation occurring simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cellular processes involved in inflammation:

Margination = Leukocytes move to the blood vessel wall Transmigration = Leukocytes cross the vascular endothelium Chemotaxis = Signals attract leukocytes to site of infection Phagocytosis = Engulfing and degrading pathogens or debris Signup and view all the answers

Match the following mechanisms involved in fever with their outcomes:

Endogenous pyrogens = Increase in thermoregulatory set point Heat production behaviors = Shivering and vasoconstriction Exogenous pyrogens = Stimulate production of endogenous pyrogens Fever resolution = Returns the temperature to normal set point Signup and view all the answers

Match the following inflammatory response mediators with their associated family:

Prostaglandins = Eicosanoid family Leukotrienes = Eicosanoid family Nitric oxide = Cell-derived mediators Cytokines = Cellular messengers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of pyrogens with their definitions:

Endogenous pyrogens = Produced by host cells Exogenous pyrogens = Introduced from outside the body Noninfectious pyrogens = Released due to conditions like myocardial infarction Malignant pyrogens = Associated with cancer-related fever Signup and view all the answers

Match the following inflammatory mediators with their function:

Histamine = Causes vasodilation and increased permeability Nitric oxide = Regulates blood flow and has antimicrobial properties Reactive oxygen species (ROS) = Degrades pathogens and cellular debris Platelet-activating factor = Facilitates aggregation and activation of platelets Signup and view all the answers

Match the following purposes of inflammation with their descriptions:

Increase blood to the site of injury = Enhances delivery of immune cells and nutrients Alert products of healing = Signals cells to begin the healing process Establish a physical barrier = Prevents spread of infection and damage Remove the injured tissue = Clears out dead cells to prepare for healing Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cells involved in inflammation with their functions:

Endothelial cells = Line blood vessels and regulate permeability Leukocytes = Major cellular component of the inflammatory response Platelets = Help stop bleeding and release adhesion molecules Mast cells = Release histamine and other inflammatory mediators Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of leukocytes with their characteristics:

Neutrophils = Most abundant, 60-70% of WBC Eosinophils = Involved in allergic reactions, 2-3% WBC Basophils = Less than 1%, involved in allergic responses Monocytes = Differentiate into macrophages and clean up debris Signup and view all the answers

Match the cardinal signs of inflammation with their descriptions:

Redness = Due to increased blood flow to the area Swelling = Caused by fluid leakage into tissues Heat = Result of increased blood flow and metabolism Pain = Triggered by inflammatory mediators affecting nerves Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of inflammatory mediators with their sources:

Plasma-derived mediators = Produced from plasma proteins Cell-derived mediators = Released by cells at the site of injury Histamine = Released by mast cells during allergic reactions Cytokines = Produced by leukocytes to mediate responses Signup and view all the answers

Match the leukocytes with their specific roles:

Neutrophils = First responders to acute inflammation Eosinophils = Attack parasitic infections and mediate allergic responses T lymphocytes = Involved in cell-mediated immunity B lymphocytes = Responsible for antibody production Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages of inflammation with their processes:

Vasodilation = Increases blood flow to the injured area Leukocyte extravasation = Leukocytes move from blood vessels to tissues Phagocytosis = Leukocytes engulf and destroy pathogens Tissue repair = Rebuilding damaged tissue and restoring function Signup and view all the answers

Match the inflammatory stimuli with their examples:

Physical irritants = Burns and cuts Chemical irritants = Toxins and irritants causing inflammation Infections = Bacterial or viral pathogens causing a response Immune reactions = Autoimmune disorders triggering inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Match the inflammatory mediators with their actions:

Cytokines = Regulate immune responses and inflammation Prostaglandins = Cause pain and fever Leukotrienes = Involved in bronchoconstriction and allergic responses Chemokines = Attract leukocytes to sites of infection or injury Signup and view all the answers

Match the purpose of inflammation with its description:

Increase blood to the site of injury = Enhances delivery of immune cells and nutrients Remove the injured tissue and prepare the site for healing = Clears out dead and damaged cells Establish a physical barrier against infection = Prevents spread of pathogens Interact with components of the adaptive immune system = Coordinates with long-term immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Match the cell type to its role in inflammation:

Endothelial cells = Line blood vessels and regulate permeability Leukocytes = Major cellular component of inflammatory response Platelets = Aid in clotting and release inflammatory mediators Mast cells = Release histamine during allergic responses Signup and view all the answers

Match the cardinal sign of inflammation with its description:

Redness = Increased blood flow to the affected area Swelling = Accumulation of fluid and cells in tissues Heat = Increased metabolic activity in damaged tissues Pain = Nerve irritation due to inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Match the leukocyte type with its percentage in the bloodstream:

Neutrophils = 60-70% of white blood cells Eosinophils = 2-3% of white blood cells Basophils = Less than 1% of white blood cells Lymphocytes = T-cells and B-cells, key in adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

Match the mediators of inflammation with their characteristics:

Plasma-derived mediators = Produced by liver and released into circulation Cell-derived mediators = Secreted by activated immune cells at the site Histamine = Released by mast cells during allergic reactions Cytokines = Involved in cell signaling and regulation Signup and view all the answers

Match the leukocyte with its primary function:

Neutrophils = First responders to sites of acute inflammation Monocytes = Differentiate into macrophages in tissues B lymphocytes = Produce antibodies in response to antigens T lymphocytes = Play a central role in cell-mediated immunity Signup and view all the answers

Match the inflammatory stimulus with its type:

Physical irritant = Can cause cellular damage leading to inflammation Chemical irritant = Includes toxins and corrosive substances Infection = Triggering response to pathogens like bacteria Trauma injury = Includes blunt and penetrating injuries Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of granulocyte with its description:

Neutrophils = Predominantly involved in acute inflammation Eosinophils = Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections Basophils = Release histamine and play a role in inflammatory responses Mast cells = Function similarly to basophils in allergic inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Match the growth factor with its role in inflammation:

Angiogenesis = Formation of new blood vessels at the injury site Extracellular matrix synthesis = Provides structural support for tissue repair Immune cell proliferation = Increases immune cell numbers during inflammation Inflammatory mediator production = Facilitates the inflammatory response Signup and view all the answers

Match the mechanism of inflammation with its result:

Vasodilation = Increases blood flow and redness Increased permeability = Allows proteins and leukocytes to exit the bloodstream Recruitment of leukocytes = Enhances the immune response at the site of injury Formation of a clot = Prevents further bleeding and infection Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plasma-derived mediators with their primary functions:

C-Reactive protein (CRP) = Marker for generalized inflammation Complement system = Destroys pathogens directly Coagulation system = Forms a fibrous meshwork Kinin system = Leads to pain and dilation of blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell-derived mediators with their sources:

Mast cells = Histamine Platelets = Serotonin Neutrophils = Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Macrophages = Nitric oxide Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of inflammatory mediators with their effects:

Prostaglandins = Cause pain Leukotrienes = Bronchoconstriction Cytokines = Cellular messengers Platelet-activating factor (PAF) = Increases vascular permeability Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of fever with their characteristics:

Prodromal period = Mild headache and fatigue Chill = Onset of chills and vasoconstriction Flush = Skin becomes warm and reddened Defervescence = Initiation of sweating Signup and view all the answers

Match the following causes of fever with their descriptions:

Pyrogens = Proteins released from bacteria Noninfectious disorders = Myocardial infarction Malignant cells = Leukemia Exogenous pyrogens = Stimulate endogenous pyrogens Signup and view all the answers

Match the following mediators with their family or type:

Histamine = Vasoactive amines Cytokines = Cellular messengers Arachidonic acid = Eicosanoid family Reactive oxygen species (ROS) = Cell-derived mediators Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects of steroids with their actions:

Block Arachidonic acid formation = Inhibit inflammatory mediator production Inhibit Prostaglandin synthesis = Reduce pain and inflammation Suppress immune response = Limit chronic inflammation Reduce swelling = Decrease vascular permeability Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Purpose of inflammation

Inflammation prepares the body's tissues for healing. It increases blood flow to the injured area, alerts healing cells, removes damaged tissue, prevents infection, and interacts with the immune system.

Endothelial cells function

Endothelial cells line blood vessels, control permeability, regulate blood flow, facilitate white blood cell movement, produce inflammatory signals, and participate in tissue repair.

Leukocytes (WBC)

Leukocytes are the major cellular players in the inflammatory response, subdivided into granulocytes (multi-lobed nucleus) and agranulocytes (single nucleus).

Platelets role in inflammation

Platelets are involved in stopping bleeding and initiating the inflammatory response by releasing molecules that enable cell attachment.