Inflammation and Its Cellular Components

<p>Redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By releasing adhesion molecules once activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell-derived mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They stimulate the repair process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradykinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prodromal period → Chill → Flush → Defervescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They block H1 receptors, antagonizing the effects of histamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmigration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endogenous pyrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mediate vascular changes in response to injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substantial scarring and fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as cellular messengers in autocrine and paracrine manners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confusion or delirium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vascular Stage = Involves vasodilation and increased permeability Cellular Stage = Involves emigration of leukocytes to the injury site Resolution = Complete removal of the injurious agent Progression = Transition from acute to chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamine = Mast cells Serotonin = Platelets Bradykinin = Kinin system Prostaglandins = Leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prodromal period = Mild headache and fatigue Chill = Vasoconstriction and sensation of being cold Flush = Cutaneous vasodilation and reddened skin Defervescence = Initiation of sweating as temperature falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute Inflammation = Early and immediate response to injury Chronic Inflammation = Longer duration and persistent agent Local Inflammation = Confined to a specific area Systemic Inflammation = Affects the entire body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete resolution = Total healing without residual effects Substantial scarring = Formation of fibrous tissue at the injury site Progression to chronic inflammation = Continuous inflammation due to unresolved factors Acute and chronic coexistence = Both types of inflammation occurring simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Margination = Leukocytes move to the blood vessel wall Transmigration = Leukocytes cross the vascular endothelium Chemotaxis = Signals attract leukocytes to site of infection Phagocytosis = Engulfing and degrading pathogens or debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endogenous pyrogens = Increase in thermoregulatory set point Heat production behaviors = Shivering and vasoconstriction Exogenous pyrogens = Stimulate production of endogenous pyrogens Fever resolution = Returns the temperature to normal set point</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prostaglandins = Eicosanoid family Leukotrienes = Eicosanoid family Nitric oxide = Cell-derived mediators Cytokines = Cellular messengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endogenous pyrogens = Produced by host cells Exogenous pyrogens = Introduced from outside the body Noninfectious pyrogens = Released due to conditions like myocardial infarction Malignant pyrogens = Associated with cancer-related fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamine = Causes vasodilation and increased permeability Nitric oxide = Regulates blood flow and has antimicrobial properties Reactive oxygen species (ROS) = Degrades pathogens and cellular debris Platelet-activating factor = Facilitates aggregation and activation of platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase blood to the site of injury = Enhances delivery of immune cells and nutrients Alert products of healing = Signals cells to begin the healing process Establish a physical barrier = Prevents spread of infection and damage Remove the injured tissue = Clears out dead cells to prepare for healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endothelial cells = Line blood vessels and regulate permeability Leukocytes = Major cellular component of the inflammatory response Platelets = Help stop bleeding and release adhesion molecules Mast cells = Release histamine and other inflammatory mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils = Most abundant, 60-70% of WBC Eosinophils = Involved in allergic reactions, 2-3% WBC Basophils = Less than 1%, involved in allergic responses Monocytes = Differentiate into macrophages and clean up debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Redness = Due to increased blood flow to the area Swelling = Caused by fluid leakage into tissues Heat = Result of increased blood flow and metabolism Pain = Triggered by inflammatory mediators affecting nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma-derived mediators = Produced from plasma proteins Cell-derived mediators = Released by cells at the site of injury Histamine = Released by mast cells during allergic reactions Cytokines = Produced by leukocytes to mediate responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils = First responders to acute inflammation Eosinophils = Attack parasitic infections and mediate allergic responses T lymphocytes = Involved in cell-mediated immunity B lymphocytes = Responsible for antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation = Increases blood flow to the injured area Leukocyte extravasation = Leukocytes move from blood vessels to tissues Phagocytosis = Leukocytes engulf and destroy pathogens Tissue repair = Rebuilding damaged tissue and restoring function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical irritants = Burns and cuts Chemical irritants = Toxins and irritants causing inflammation Infections = Bacterial or viral pathogens causing a response Immune reactions = Autoimmune disorders triggering inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokines = Regulate immune responses and inflammation Prostaglandins = Cause pain and fever Leukotrienes = Involved in bronchoconstriction and allergic responses Chemokines = Attract leukocytes to sites of infection or injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase blood to the site of injury = Enhances delivery of immune cells and nutrients Remove the injured tissue and prepare the site for healing = Clears out dead and damaged cells Establish a physical barrier against infection = Prevents spread of pathogens Interact with components of the adaptive immune system = Coordinates with long-term immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endothelial cells = Line blood vessels and regulate permeability Leukocytes = Major cellular component of inflammatory response Platelets = Aid in clotting and release inflammatory mediators Mast cells = Release histamine during allergic responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Redness = Increased blood flow to the affected area Swelling = Accumulation of fluid and cells in tissues Heat = Increased metabolic activity in damaged tissues Pain = Nerve irritation due to inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils = 60-70% of white blood cells Eosinophils = 2-3% of white blood cells Basophils = Less than 1% of white blood cells Lymphocytes = T-cells and B-cells, key in adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma-derived mediators = Produced by liver and released into circulation Cell-derived mediators = Secreted by activated immune cells at the site Histamine = Released by mast cells during allergic reactions Cytokines = Involved in cell signaling and regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils = First responders to sites of acute inflammation Monocytes = Differentiate into macrophages in tissues B lymphocytes = Produce antibodies in response to antigens T lymphocytes = Play a central role in cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical irritant = Can cause cellular damage leading to inflammation Chemical irritant = Includes toxins and corrosive substances Infection = Triggering response to pathogens like bacteria Trauma injury = Includes blunt and penetrating injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils = Predominantly involved in acute inflammation Eosinophils = Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections Basophils = Release histamine and play a role in inflammatory responses Mast cells = Function similarly to basophils in allergic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiogenesis = Formation of new blood vessels at the injury site Extracellular matrix synthesis = Provides structural support for tissue repair Immune cell proliferation = Increases immune cell numbers during inflammation Inflammatory mediator production = Facilitates the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation = Increases blood flow and redness Increased permeability = Allows proteins and leukocytes to exit the bloodstream Recruitment of leukocytes = Enhances the immune response at the site of injury Formation of a clot = Prevents further bleeding and infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C-Reactive protein (CRP) = Marker for generalized inflammation Complement system = Destroys pathogens directly Coagulation system = Forms a fibrous meshwork Kinin system = Leads to pain and dilation of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mast cells = Histamine Platelets = Serotonin Neutrophils = Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Macrophages = Nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prostaglandins = Cause pain Leukotrienes = Bronchoconstriction Cytokines = Cellular messengers Platelet-activating factor (PAF) = Increases vascular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prodromal period = Mild headache and fatigue Chill = Onset of chills and vasoconstriction Flush = Skin becomes warm and reddened Defervescence = Initiation of sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyrogens = Proteins released from bacteria Noninfectious disorders = Myocardial infarction Malignant cells = Leukemia Exogenous pyrogens = Stimulate endogenous pyrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamine = Vasoactive amines Cytokines = Cellular messengers Arachidonic acid = Eicosanoid family Reactive oxygen species (ROS) = Cell-derived mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Block Arachidonic acid formation = Inhibit inflammatory mediator production Inhibit Prostaglandin synthesis = Reduce pain and inflammation Suppress immune response = Limit chronic inflammation Reduce swelling = Decrease vascular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers