Infectious Disease Concepts and Immunity

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Questions and Answers

Which term describes the measure of disease occurrence in a population at a specific time?

Attack Rate

Infectivity

Prevalence (correct)

Cohort Study

What is the primary role of a reservoir in the context of infectious agents?

To eliminate pathogens from an environment

To enhance the infectivity of pathogens

To transmit pathogens to susceptible hosts

To serve as a host for the agent (correct)

Which term best describes an individual who can transmit a pathogen during its incubation period?

Convalescent Carrier

Fomite

Susceptible Host

Incubatory Carrier (correct)

Which of the following is NOT classified as an arthropod vector?

Rats Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the attack rate in a population?

Sick people divided by exposed people Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents an example of artificial passive immunity?

Antivenom administration Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carrier is someone who has recovered from an illness but can still spread it?

Convalescent Carrier Signup and view all the answers

What component of the cycle of transmission refers to how an agent exits the reservoir?

Portal of exit Signup and view all the answers

What does the term secondary prevention primarily focus on?

Detecting and treating diseases early Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of epidemiology focuses on linking illnesses to environmental factors?

Sanitary Phase Signup and view all the answers

How can the chain of infection be interrupted?

By reducing the susceptibility of the host Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a leading cause of death?

Heart Disease Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized by the Ecological Model in epidemiology?

Person, Place, and Time Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?

Breastfeeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of tertiary prevention?

Manage long-term health issues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not considered an environmental risk factor?

Genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major components of the Ecological Model?

Design health promotion, Epidemiology Tools, Life Expectancy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of direct exposure?

Fleas and Ticks Signup and view all the answers

What type of prevention targets individuals at high risk for developing extensive problems?

Indicated Prevention Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is classified as a stimulant?

Cocaine Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of risk factors associated with health issues?

Behavioral, Environmental, Genetic Signup and view all the answers

Which prevention strategy is aimed at large groups not currently afflicted by a problem?

Universal Prevention Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug depresses the central nervous system?

Valium Signup and view all the answers

Which category do substances like glue and aerosol cans fall under?

Inhalants Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is particularly affected by balance issues and slower metabolism associated with drinking?

The Elderly Signup and view all the answers

Which legal substance is responsible for more than half of its user deaths?

Tobacco Signup and view all the answers

What is a common deterrent that prevents individuals from seeking treatment for substance use?

Stigmatization Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of youth and young adults reported drug use in 2021?

13.8% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the top three causes of unintentional injuries?

Drowning Signup and view all the answers

What type of violence occurs between individuals?

Interpersonal violence Signup and view all the answers

What does the Haddon Matrix address in relation to injury prevention?

Host, agent, and environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of community violence?

Stranger violence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary intervention to prevent drowning?

Fencing Signup and view all the answers

What is a behavioral risk factor that increases the likelihood of motor vehicle accidents?

Texting and driving Signup and view all the answers

What age group is most commonly associated with poisoning incidents?

Children under 6 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods can help prevent pediatric poisonings?

Proper disposal of medications Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for drowning?

High swimming capability Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial prevention method for community violence?

Providing conflict resolution training Signup and view all the answers

What is one critical action to support someone experiencing partner violence?

Creating a safety plan Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method to prevent falls?

Removing furniture from homes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prevalence and Attack Rate

Prevalence is the number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at any given time.
Prevalence is calculated by dividing the number of new cases by the number of cases within the year.
Attack rate is the percentage of people who become ill in a population after exposure.
Attack rate is calculated by dividing the number of sick people by the number of exposed people.

Chain of Infection

The chain of infection describes the process of how an infectious agent spreads from one person to another.
The chain of infection consists of six links: agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host.
The chain of infection can be broken by reducing the susceptibility of the host, such as through vaccination, handwashing, and laws and regulations.

Types of Immunity

Artificial passive immunity is immunity that results from the administration of antibodies from another animal against a dangerous pathogen.
Examples of artificial passive immunity include antivenom and administering antibodies from another person.
Passive immunity is immunity that is acquired by receiving pre-formed antibodies.
Passive immunity can be natural, such as through breastfeeding, or artificial.
Active immunity is immunity that is acquired through exposure to an antigen or vaccination.

Phases of the Ecological Model

The ecological model is a framework for understanding the factors that influence health behaviors.
The ecological model emphasizes the importance of multiple levels of influence, including individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy levels.
The ecological model can be used to design health promotion interventions that target multiple levels of influence.

Preventing Injuries

The Haddon Matrix is a method to generate ideas about injury prevention that address the host, agent, and environment and their impact in the pre-event, event, and post-event phases of the injury process.
The Haddon Matrix was originally designed for motor vehicle accidents.
Primary prevention involves promoting healthy lifestyles through immunizations, encouraging exercise, and healthy nutrition.
Secondary prevention involves detecting and treating diseases early.
Tertiary prevention involves reducing the impact of a disease that is already in place.

Substance Abuse

Stimulants stimulate the central nervous system.
Examples of stimulants include cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and Ritalin.
Depressants depress the central nervous system.
Examples of depressants include alcohol, barbiturates, Valium, Xanax, Prozac, and Thorazine.
Inhalants are substances that are inhaled to produce mind-altering effects.
Examples of inhalants include butyl nitrite, amyl nitrite, aerosol cans, glue, vapors, and pens.
Narcotics are drugs that have a sedative effect.
Examples of narcotics include Vicodin, Oxycontin, opium, morphine, methadone, meperidine, and heroin.
Hallucinogens result in altered perception of reality.
Examples of hallucinogens include LSD, PCP, psilocybin mushrooms, and peyote.

Leading Causes of Death

The leading causes of death in the United States are heart disease, cancer, COVID-19, and accidents.
The elderly are at higher risk for alcohol-related problems, including falls and slower metabolism.
Tobacco is the most legal substance that contributes to more than half of its user deaths.
Adolescents are the growing population that uses tobacco, making them a target audience for tobacco use reduction and vaping.

Unintentional injuries

The top 3 causes of unintentional injuries, according to the CDC, are poisoning, falls, and motor vehicle accidents.
The top 2 causes of intentional injuries, according to the CDC, are homicide and suicide.
Gun laws can affect the number of homicides and suicides.
The LGBTQ+ community, homeless people, migrants, prisoners, veterans, and refugees are all at risk for intentional injuries.

Preventing Drowning

Primary interventions to prevent drowning include fencing pools, swimming lessons, and supervision.
Secondary interventions to prevent drowning include making sure families know CPR.
Risk factors for drowning include ages 1-4, ethnic groups, males, alcohol, lack of barriers and ability to swim, failures to wear life jackets, seizure disorder, and lack of supervision.

Violence

Interpersonal violence occurs between two people.
Family violence is emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another.
Examples of family violence include child abuse, partner abuse, and elder abuse.
Community violence includes stranger violence and gang violence.
Collective violence occurs when there is war between two nations or groups.
Examples of collective violence include rape, terrorism, and gang war.
The four types of violence are neglect, psychological, physical, and sexual.
A priority action for someone experiencing partner violence is to create a safety plan.
Prevention methods for partner violence include community support groups, training for law enforcement and healthcare professionals, and making sure women are provided access to safety.
Prevention methods for community violence include providing better employment opportunities, job fairs, and conflict resolution.

Preventing Poisonings

The top five poison exposures are cosmetics, personal care products, household products, medications, and homeopathic medications.
Prevention methods for preventing poisonings include not sharing medications, labeling medications, proper disposal of medications, avoiding button batteries, and avoiding pesticides.
Children under the age of six account for most poisonings.

Child Maltreatment

Risk factors for child maltreatment include being younger than 4, being a part of the LGBTQ+ community, and having special needs that increase caregiver burden.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to infectious diseases, including prevalence, attack rate, and the chain of infection. It also addresses types of immunity, providing a comprehensive overview of how infections spread and how immunity can be developed or enhanced. Test your understanding of these crucial public health fundamentals!