Diagnosis of Infectious Disease
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of genomics in disease control?

  • To prove immunity due to past infection or vaccination
  • To cultivate pathogens directly
  • To characterize pathogens and help control the disease they cause (correct)
  • To reduce the analytical error in immune assays

    • What is the primary advantage of laboratory automation?

  • It increases the analytical error in immune assays
  • It helps in cultivating pathogens directly
  • It is essential for indirect diagnosis
  • It reduces the time and increases the throughput of samples (correct)

    • What is the first antibody to appear in most patients after exposure?

  • IgE
  • IgM (correct)
  • IgA
  • IgG

    • What is the primary application of WGA in SARSCov-2 surveillance?

    <p>Surveillance of VOI and VOC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of serodiagnosis?

    <p>To detect the presence of antibodies in a patient's serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is syndromic testing used for?

    <p>To diagnose a range of infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is multiplex PCR used for?

    <p>To amplify several DNA sequences simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using ELISA in immune assays?

    <p>It is a highly sensitive and specific test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of syndromic testing?

    <p>It is expensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of indirect diagnosis?

    <p>It is used to detect the presence of antibodies in a patient's serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for diagnosing an infection?

    <p>To determine the infectious agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of infection control in relation to diagnosis?

    <p>To prevent the spread of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sample can be collected for laboratory tests?

    <p>Various types including blood, saliva, urine, pus, and feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to minimize specimen contamination during collection?

    <p>To obtain accurate test results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of collecting sufficient quantity of specimens?

    <p>To allow for complete microbiologic examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to determine the type of infection?

    <p>To determine the appropriate treatment and management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF)?

    <p>To identify the species of microorganisms through protein peak analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which protein molecules are converted into ions in the gas phase in MALDI-TOF?

    <p>A laser strikes the sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind the measurement of time of flight in MALDI-TOF?

    <p>Lighter ions take less time to travel to the detector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the matrix solution in MALDI-TOF?

    <p>To allow the sample to dry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using MALDI-TOF for microbial identification?

    <p>It is a rapid and accurate method for identifying microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of colony and cellular morphology in microbial identification?

    <p>It may not provide a definitive identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using serology in diagnostic methods?

    <p>It can provide indirect evidence of past infection or vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of genomics in disease control?

    <p>To characterize pathogens and help control the disease they cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of multiplex PCR?

    <p>It can detect multiple DNA sequences simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of syndromic testing?

    <p>To provide a rapid diagnosis of common infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of syndromic testing?

    <p>It is a costly approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of IgM in immune assays?

    <p>To appear first in most patients after exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most suitable diagnostic test for a 26-year-old teacher who has been in contact with a measles case at school?

    <p>Both Measles IgM and IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a negative Measles IgM and a positive Measles IgG result in the teacher?

    <p>The patient is immune to measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sample is required to diagnose a sore throat caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

    <p>Charcoal swab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Streptococcus pyogenes growth on blood agar?

    <p>Beta haemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate antibiotic choice for treating pharyngitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

    <p>Penicillin or amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a positive Lancefield group A result in a throat swab?

    <p>It indicates the presence of Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential when collecting specimens for microbiologic examination?

    <p>Obtaining enough tissue for both histopathologic and microbiologic examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of selective media in microbiologic diagnosis?

    <p>To permit the isolation of specific types of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a direct diagnosis method?

    <p>Immunofluorescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when diagnosing infections in the lab?

    <p>How fast do we need the result?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an additional step in microbial identification?

    <p>Colony and cellular morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of antimicrobial susceptibility testing?

    <p>To determine the best treatment option</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The GI tract is essentially a long ______, ascending from the mouth to the anus.

    <p>tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The GI tract is heavily colonised with ______ and viruses and encounters millions of new ones every day.

    <p>microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All intestinal surfaces are coated with layers of ______, which provides mechanical protection.

    <p>mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The muscular surfaces of the GI tract ensures movement termed ______.

    <p>peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Various fluids in the GI tract also have ______ properties.

    <p>antimicrobial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normal ______ is also vitally important to prevent infection.

    <p>flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory system is the most commonly infected ______ system.

    <p>human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Health care providers will see more respiratory infections than any other type of ______.

    <p>infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory tract is divided into two ______ tracts: upper and lower.

    <p>respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The upper respiratory tract includes the ______, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.

    <p>nasal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory pathogens can be transmitted from human to human and can ______ within a community.

    <p>circulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some respiratory pathogens exist as part of the normal ______ flora.

    <p>human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory viruses that most commonly circulate in all continents as endemic or epidemic agents are ______ virus and others.

    <p>influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory Syncytial Virus is an ______ RNA virus and belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family.

    <p>enveloped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The very young (under ______ year of age) and the elderly are at the greatest risk of developing severe disease.

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diagnosis is typically made via ______-transcription real-time PCR (RNA) or RT-PCR (DNA).

    <p>reverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children born prematurely, or with underlying ______ lung disease, are also at increased risk of developing severe disease.

    <p>chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monitored by UKHSA, outbreaks of seasonal ______/Influenza occur every year.

    <p>RSV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lower respiratory tract infection can be caused by a virus or so-called ‘atypical’ bacteria, including ______ pneumoniae.

    <p>Mycoplasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nosocomial pneumonia usually occurs approximately ______ hours after admission to hospital.

    <p>48</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aspiration pneumonia is a major problem in ______ patients.

    <p>hospital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Community-acquired pneumonia usually presents as a ______ pneumonia.

    <p>lobar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Staphylococcus aureus is usually associated with ______ pneumonia.

    <p>Nosocomial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluid losses of nearly 1 litre per hour have been reported in severe cases of a disease, and an untreated patient can lose up to 50% of ______ during the course of the disease.

    <p>body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Don’t forget about ______-2 in lower respiratory tract infections.

    <p>SARS-CoV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The voided fluid contains flecks of ______, giving the description of ‘rice-water stool’.

    <p>mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ Spp Thioshulphate citrate bile salts (TCBS) Agar is used for the selective isolation of cholera vibrios and Vibrio parahaemolyticus from a variety of clinical and nonclinical specimens.

    <p>Vibrio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive, ______ rod-shaped bacterium found as part of the normal intestinal biota.

    <p>endosporeforming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The predominant symptoms of C. difficile is ______, with abdominal cramps, fever and leucocytosis in more severe cases.

    <p>diarrhoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastritis is experienced as a sharp or burning ______ emanating from the upper abdomen.

    <p>pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

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