Infectious Disease Terminology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the formula for calculating attributable risk?

  • Incidence in Non-Exposed minus Incidence in Exposed
  • Incidence in Exposed divided by Incidence in Non-Exposed
  • Incidence in Exposed plus Incidence in Non-Exposed
  • Incidence in Exposed minus Incidence in Non-Exposed (correct)

    • In a cohort study with 100 smokers and 100 non-smokers, if 40 smokers develop lung cancer and 10 non-smokers do, what is the attributable risk among smokers?

  • 60%
  • 40%
  • 30% (correct)
  • 50%

    • What result indicates a higher risk of lung cancer among smokers compared to non-smokers in a cohort study?

  • Higher incidence in non-smokers
  • Equal incidence in both groups
  • Higher incidence in smokers (correct)
  • Lower incidence in smokers

    • In a case-control study, what can be concluded if a greater percentage of smokers developed lung cancer compared to non-smokers?

    <p>There is an association between smoking and lung cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct interpretation of results in a cohort study where 40 out of 100 smokers develop lung cancer?

    <p>60% of smokers do not develop lung cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an epidemic?

    <p>An unusual and unexpected occurrence of a disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a disease that regularly occurs at a predictable rate in a specific area?

    <p>Endemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a pandemic?

    <p>It is an outbreak affecting multiple countries and continents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is present from birth and provides non-specific protection?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does herd immunity indicate?

    <p>Protection of non-immune individuals due to a significant portion of the population becoming immune.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is acquired immunity developed?

    <p>Through exposure to a specific pathogen or vaccination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the immune response?

    <p>The body's defense mechanism activated upon recognizing foreign substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagram is NOT commonly used to represent epidemiological data?

    <p>Venn diagram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct definition of prevalence in epidemiology?

    <p>The total number of cases in a population at one point in time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure of central tendency represents the middle value in a dataset?

    <p>Median</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is included in the formula for calculating prevalence?

    <p>The total number of cases as a fraction of the population size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the mean of a dataset?

    <p>Sum of all values divided by the total number of values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes incidence rate?

    <p>It refers to the number of new cases occurring in a set period within a population at risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of graph or chart can be used to express frequency in epidemiology?

    <p>Bar chart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure is calculated by identifying the most frequently occurring value in a dataset?

    <p>Mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high prevalence indicate about a disease in a population?

    <p>It is common at the current point in time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an odds ratio greater than 1 indicate?

    <p>A higher likelihood of the outcome associated with exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of study is the relative risk calculated?

    <p>Cohort studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an attributable risk assessment?

    <p>To quantify the impact of a risk factor on disease occurrence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an odds ratio of 1 indicate?

    <p>No association between exposure and disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is followed over time in a cohort study?

    <p>A group based on a specific exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about case-control studies?

    <p>They assess individuals with a specific condition compared to those without.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is relative risk calculated?

    <p>$\frac{A}{(A + B)} \div \frac{C}{(C + D)}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A negative association in an odds ratio means what?

    <p>Exposure decreases disease likelihood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the way a person's body reacts to an invading pathogen?

    <p>Host response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances?

    <p>Hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a carrier in the context of infectious diseases?

    <p>An individual who harbors a pathogen but shows no symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term virulence refer to?

    <p>The degree of damage a pathogen can cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a part of the chain of infection?

    <p>Population density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability of a pathogen to survive and multiply in a host called?

    <p>Infectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as sporadic in relation to diseases?

    <p>Diseases that occur infrequently and irregularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes how the pathogen leaves the reservoir?

    <p>Portal of exit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Infectious Disease Terminology

    • Epidemic: An unusual and unexpected occurrence of a disease.
    • Endemic: A disease that is constantly present or regularly occurs at a predictable rate in a specific geographic area or population. For example, malaria in certain parts of sub-Saharan Africa.
    • Pandemic: A widespread outbreak of a disease that occurs on a global scale, affecting multiple countries and continents. Example: The COVID-19 pandemic.
    • Immunity: The body's ability to resist infection and disease.
      • Innate (Natural) Immunity: The body's first line of defense, present from birth.
      • Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity: Developed after exposure to a specific pathogen through infection or vaccination.
    • Immune Response: The body's defense mechanism activated upon recognizing foreign substances (antigens) like pathogens.
    • Herd Immunity: When a significant portion of a population becomes immune to a disease, reducing its spread and protecting non-immune individuals.
    • Immunoglobulin: Antibodies produced by the immune system to neutralize pathogens.
    • Host Response: How a person's body reacts to a pathogen (e.g., immune defenses, inflammation).
    • Hypersensitivity: An exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to a harmless substance, such as in allergies.
    • Infection: The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, or parasites within the body, causing disease.
    • Infectivity: The ability of a pathogen to enter, survive, and multiply in a host.
    • Pathogenicity: The ability of a microorganism to cause disease in a host.
    • Carrier: An individual who harbors a pathogen but does not exhibit symptoms of the disease.
    • Virulence: The degree of damage a pathogen can cause to the host.
    • Immunogenicity: The ability of a substance, such as a pathogen or vaccine, to provoke an immune response.
    • Sporadic: Refers to diseases that occur infrequently and irregularly within a population.

    Chain of Infection

    • Infectious Agent: The pathogen (e.g., bacteria, virus)
    • Reservoir: Where the pathogen lives (e.g., humans, animals)
    • Portal of Exit: How the pathogen leaves the reservoir (e.g., respiratory droplets)
    • Mode of Transmission: How the pathogen spreads (e.g., airborne, direct contact)
    • Portal of Entry: How the pathogen enters a new host (e.g., through broken skin)
    • Susceptible Host: An individual who can contract the disease due to weak or absent immunity.

    Measures and Calculations

    • Frequency: How often an event of interest (disease, injury, death) occurs in the population. Often expressed as a count (#), tables, bar charts, or line graphs.
    • Rate: The frequency (number) of events that occur in a defined time period divided by the average population at risk.
    • Incidence Rate: The number of new cases of a disease or condition that develop in a specific period within a population at risk.
    • Prevalence Rate: The proportion of a population that has a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time or over a specified period.
    • Relative Risk (RR): Compares the risk of an event (e.g., developing a disease) in the exposed group to the risk in the unexposed group in cohort studies.
      • RR is used in prospective or retrospective observational studies that follow a group of individuals (cohort) over time to see if exposure to a certain risk factor leads to the development of a disease or outcome.
    • Odds Ratio (OR): Measures the odds of an event (e.g., developing a disease) in the exposed group compared to the odds in the unexposed group in case-control studies.
      • OR is used in retrospective observational studies that compare individuals with a specific condition or disease (cases) to those without the disease (controls), to assess whether exposure to a particular risk factor is associated with the condition.
    • Attributable Risk (AR): The difference in the rate of a health outcome between an exposed group and an unexposed group, indicating the proportion of the risk attributable to the exposure. Example: If 30% of lung cancer cases are attributed to smoking, this indicates the proportion of cases that could be prevented if smoking were eliminated

    Measures of Central Tendency

    • Mean (Average): The arithmetic average, representing the typical value if all data points were spread evenly.
    • Median (Middle Value): The middle value in a dataset when the values are arranged in ascending or descending order.
    • Mode (Most Frequent Value): The value that occurs most frequently in a dataset.

    Interpreting Key Components of Epidemiologic Data

    • Interpretation of Relative Risk (RR) Results:
      • RR = 1: No association between exposure and disease.
      • RR > 1: Positive association (exposure might increase the likelihood of disease).
      • RR < 1: Negative association (exposure might decrease the likelihood of disease).
    • Interpretation of Odds Ratio (OR) Results:
      • OR = 1: No association between exposure and disease.
      • OR > 1: Positive association (exposure might increase the likelihood of disease).
      • OR < 1: Negative association (exposure might decrease the likelihood of disease).
    • 2x2 Table: Used to display data in a case-control or cohort study.

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    Epidemiology Measurements and Calculations Handout 3 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key terms related to infectious diseases, including epidemic, endemic, and pandemic definitions. Understand immunity and immune response concepts, as well as the implications of herd immunity in public health. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of these crucial terms in epidemiology.

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