Infant-Directed Speech and Language Perception
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Questions and Answers

Which hypothesis suggests that there is no hemispheric specialization for language at birth?

  • Equipotentiality hypothesis (correct)
  • Plasticity hypothesis
  • Language criticality hypothesis
  • Invariance hypothesis

    • The critical period for language acquisition refers to a fixed timeframe within human development.

    True

    What key behavior typically indicates the beginning of language development in infants?

    Babbling

    The __________ hypothesis states that infants have already developed left hemisphere specialization for language at birth.

    <p>Invariance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of language development to their descriptions:

    <p>Babbling = Production of repetitive consonant-vowel combinations Critical period = Window of time where language must be acquired Equipotentiality Hypothesis = No specialized functions in each hemisphere at birth Invariance Hypothesis = Left-hemisphere specialization is present at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gesture in language development?

    <p>Gestures assist in conveying meaning along with verbal communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Development of the auditory system begins around 20 weeks gestation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main hypotheses regarding brain specialization for language?

    <p>Equipotentiality hypothesis and Invariance hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of language exposure did Genie have until age 13?

    <p>No language exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genie's language acquisition included mastering full syntax and grammar.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the various stages of sound production in infants?

    <p>Babbling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Early learners of ______ language tend to have better grammar than late learners.

    <p>sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically begin to exhibit canonical-syllable babbling, such as 'da-da-da'?

    <p>9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Perceptual attunement in infants refers to their ability to focus only on general sounds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenges are mentioned regarding the evidence for the critical period in language acquisition?

    <p>Complex personal histories and other developmental delays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following babbling stages with their descriptions:

    <p>Quasi-resonant vocalisation = Whiny vocalisations, not fully resonant Fully-resonant vowel = Vowel sounds only (3-4 months) Marginal-syllable = Consonant and vowel sounds with slow transition (4-8 months) Canonical-syllable = Typical syllable sequences for a language (9 months)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes infant-directed speech (IDS)?

    <p>Altered speech characteristics when talking to infants, such as higher pitch and clearer vowels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Song et al. (2010) regarding infant-directed speech?

    <p>The effects of vowel hyperarticulation on word recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Everyone uses infant-directed speech regardless of cultural background.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one acoustic feature measured in studies of infant-directed speech?

    <p>Pitch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vowel hyperarticulation leads to poorer word recognition in children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two items were compared to examine children's attention in the study?

    <p>cup and book</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infant-directed speech is characterized by __________ speech and longer pauses.

    <p>slower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three big questions about infant-directed speech include: What is infant-directed speech? Does it affect __________ acquisition?

    <p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics of infant-directed speech (IDS) with their descriptions:

    <p>Higher F0 = Increased pitch when speaking to infants Hyperarticulation of vowels = Clarity in pronunciation of vowel sounds Tone hyperarticulation = Exaggeration of tonal variations in speech Slower speech = Pacing that allows infants to better grasp language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to infant-directed speech with their descriptions:

    <p>Hyperarticulation = Exaggeration of speech sounds IDS = Infant-directed speech Cultural differences = Variations in speech across different cultures Word recognition = Understanding spoken language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does infant-directed speech affect language acquisition?

    <p>It exaggerates sounds, helping infants differentiate between them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infant-directed speech includes identical speech patterns for every infant age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to tone hyperarticulation as infants age?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main finding regarding infant-directed speech (IDS) across cultures?

    <p>Not all cultures speak to children the same way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cantonese-speaking infants respond equally to infant-directed speech and adult-directed speech.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does IDS stand for?

    <p>infant-directed speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Schneidman & Goldin-Meadow, infants in the US experienced ___________ speech directed at them compared to Yucatec Mayan infants.

    <p>more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the researchers with their findings:

    <p>Schneidman &amp; Goldin-Meadow = Differences in IDS across cultures Werker = Infant responses to IDS vs. ADS Hilton et al. = Vocalizations may transcend culture Mayan Group = Less IDS than the US</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes infant-directed song?

    <p>Singing to infants in a particular way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural differences in infants' responses to language do not exist.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research suggests that infant-directed speech may have qualities and functions that __________ culture.

    <p>transcend</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of infant-directed singing?

    <p>Very rhythmic and predictable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants do not look at the singer's eyes more on the beat of the rhythm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may singing provide infants in terms of social cues?

    <p>Opportunities for social cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infant-directed singing helps infants __________ certain behaviors to the rhythm.

    <p>time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following age groups with their eye looking behavior:

    <p>2 months = Younger infants look at the singer's eyes less on the beat 6 months = Older infants look at the singer's eyes more on the beat Younger infants = Look less at the singer's eyes Older infants = Look more at the singer's eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do singers enhance social interaction through infant-directed singing?

    <p>By modulating facial expressions with the rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Older infants have shown a higher probability of looking into a singer's eyes on rhythm compared to younger infants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one implication of infant-directed singing according to the research?

    <p>It provides infants with more social cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side of the mental imagery debate argues that perception and imagery share similar mechanisms?

    <p>Depictive Side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mental rotation experiments provide evidence for the Depictive Side of the mental imagery debate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key finding from mental scaling experiments?

    <p>Evidence that we ‘zoom in’ on pictures in our mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the debate on perception and imagery, if they interact, they share similar __________.

    <p>mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In interference conditions, how do people perform when they have to both perceive and imagine something in the same modality?

    <p>They perform worse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of experiments with their main findings:

    <p>Mental Scanning = We scan pictures in our mind Mental Rotation = We rotate pictures in our mind Mental Scaling = We zoom in on images in our mind Perception-Imagery Interaction = They can interfere with one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Propositional Side asserts that perception and imagery are fundamentally the same.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'visual scanning' refer to in the context of mental imagery?

    <p>The process of mentally reviewing images or pictures in the mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of the mental scanning experiments mentioned?

    <p>To examine whether mental scan times align with visual scan times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Longer mental scanning times are inconsistent with the Propositional Side.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two categories of scans are involved in the mental scanning task?

    <p>Close Scan and Far Scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mental scanning experiments, participants are asked to memorize the __________ before scanning.

    <p>landmarks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of scanning with its characteristic:

    <p>Close Scan = Involves scanning objects that are closely nested or nearby Far Scan = Involves scanning more distant objects or landmarks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study suggest about the relationship between mental images and lists?

    <p>They may involve similar scanning times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tasks in the mental scanning experiments do not include measuring the time taken to scan.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is being tested in the second mental scanning experiment regarding scanning times?

    <p>Whether mental scan times map to visual scan times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does falsification in science primarily attempt to demonstrate?

    <p>That things are NOT the case</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Falsification proved that all swans are white based on the observation of only white swans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the propositionalist's aim in the context of depictive representation.

    <p>To show that depictive representation as fundamental is NOT possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conclusion drawn that 'All swans are white' is based on observing __________ swans.

    <p>white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with their corresponding conclusions:

    <p>All swans are white = There must be at least one swan that is not white Observe mostly white swans = There is a black swan Falsification approach = Attempt to show things are NOT the case Propositionalist view = Depictive representation is not fundamental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is predicted by the Depictive code regarding the difficulty of identifying shapes?

    <p>All shapes should be equally easy to identify.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The evidence against depictive representation is considered stronger than evidence supporting it.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the mental imagery debate concerning depictive versus propositional coding?

    <p>The fundamental nature of how mental imagery is represented and coded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could skew the results during a mental imagery experiment according to the content?

    <p>Participant expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Participants are compelled to zoom in on images during mental imagery experiments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between perceptual and imagery acuity mentioned in the content?

    <p>Imagery is less than perceptual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research assistants need to test different sets of participants to assess how good perceptual vs _______ acuity is.

    <p>imagery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions regarding the mental scaling debate:

    <p>Demand characteristics = When participants change behavior based on what they think the researcher wants Experimenter expectancy = Researcher expectations that can influence study outcomes Acuity = The sharpness or clarity of perception or imagery Perceptual = Related to direct sensory experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, which statement reflects the expectations of researchers?

    <p>Researchers may influence the outcomes of mental imagery experiments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smaller images are associated with faster response times than larger images.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Perception is generally considered to be _______ than imagery.

    <p>greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main assertion of dual-coding theory?

    <p>Memory improves when information is encoded in both pictures and language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Involuntary auditory imagery can be described as songs or rhythms getting stuck in your head.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the concreteness of words have on memory retention?

    <p>Concrete words are remembered better than abstract words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Auditory imagery is particularly influenced by different __________ features.

    <p>acoustic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of mental imagery with their descriptions:

    <p>Voluntary Auditory Imagery = Consciously imagining a song or rhythm Involuntary Auditory Imagery = Sounds or songs that replay in your mind without control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one implication of the dual-coding theory in memory tasks?

    <p>Both visual and verbal codes enhance recall of concrete items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Voluntary auditory imagery occurs when individuals have songs or rhythms that play unintentionally in their mind.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the concreteness effect.

    <p>Memory is better for concrete words than for abstract words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phenomenon where a song sticks in one's head is commonly known as an __________.

    <p>earworm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition showed the least deviation from the actual tempo when participants heard a song?

    <p>Hear song</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory effects with their descriptions:

    <p>Dual-coding Effect = Improved memory through the use of both visual and verbal codes Concreteness Effect = Better recall of tangible items compared to abstract concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Imagining a song combined with tapping produces a greater tempo deviation than just imagining the song.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the measured range of tempo deviation for participants who imagined the song only?

    <p>26%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The actual tempo of the song was approximately __________ BPM.

    <p>76</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions to their corresponding tempo deviation percentages:

    <p>Hear song = ~ 8% deviation Imagine song = ~ 26% deviation Imagine + tap = ~ 18% deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Jakubowski et al. (2016), which condition had the highest accuracy of tempo?

    <p>Hear song</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Participants were asked to imagine the tempo of a metronome instead of the song in Condition 2.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for unintended, involuntary auditory imagery that people experience, often referred to as catchy tunes?

    <p>Earworms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the theory of Encoding Specificity suggest about the relationship between encoding and retrieval of information?

    <p>Retrieval is more effective when the encoding conditions are similar to retrieval conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study conducted by Godden & Baddeley, which conditions represented congruent learn and test?

    <p>Learning on dry land and testing on dry land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the experiments on encoding specificity in the study by Godden & Baddeley?

    <p>The impact of different environments on memory retrieval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about underwater learning based on the study's results?

    <p>Learning underwater enhances retrieval when tested underwater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the level of processing in relation to encoding specificity is accurate?

    <p>The effectiveness of retrieval can depend on the depth of processing matched with the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of amnesia involves losing the ability to form new long-term memories?

    <p>Anterograde Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is NOT mentioned as affecting long-term memory (LTM)?

    <p>Nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory relates to how information is encoded into long-term memory?

    <p>Levels of Processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with retrograde amnesia?

    <p>Inability to recall past events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effects of sleep on memory?

    <p>Sleep has beneficial effects on both declarative and procedural memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept of the spacing effect in learning?

    <p>Information is better retained when study sessions are spaced out over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sleep affect memory according to the lecture?

    <p>Sleep enhances both explicit and implicit forms of memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key method used to test the spacing effect?

    <p>Participants learned facts at different intervals and were tested on their recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hypothesis regarding the impact of varied retention intervals on memory recall?

    <p>Longer retention intervals can improve recall accuracy up to a point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors influences the effectiveness of learning information in long-term memory?

    <p>The timing and distribution of study sessions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of maintenance rehearsal in the Serial Position Effect?

    <p>It facilitates the primacy effect by transferring information to long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most influential in determining the larger illusory truth effect according to the level of certainty?

    <p>Some uncertainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that the process of encoding information can enhance later retrieval from long-term memory?

    <p>Levels of Processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a consequence of primarily engaging in maintenance rehearsal without deeper processing?

    <p>Increased risk of forgetting information over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method mentioned for transferring information into long-term memory?

    <p>Contextual embedding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key element of maintenance rehearsal?

    <p>Repeating information multiple times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does deeper meaning affect information retention in long-term memory?

    <p>It leads to greater likelihood of information entering long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of question did participants respond to in Craik & Tulving's 1975 experiment?

    <p>Yes/No questions about words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of elaborate rehearsal?

    <p>Telling a story using the information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition from the Levels of Processing theory focuses on structural encoding?

    <p>Capital-letter condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome did Craik & Tulving’s research primarily investigate?

    <p>The relationship between processing depth and recall from long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question type corresponds to phonetic encoding?

    <p>Does this word rhyme with another word?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sentence task in Craik & Tulving's experiment assess?

    <p>The depth of semantic processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core idea of the theory of encoding specificity?

    <p>Condition at the time of encoding can affect retrieval from long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario would most likely lead to better retrieval performance according to encoding specificity?

    <p>Recalling information in the same emotional state as when it was learned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does state-dependent memory refer to?

    <p>The impact of physiological or psychological state on memory retrieval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In testing encoding specificity, what does inducing a fear or relaxation in participants aim to measure?

    <p>The influence of emotional state on retrieval across sessions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the findings of Lang et al. (2001) regarding recall performance?

    <p>Participants remember more words when states are congruent during encoding and retrieval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the encoding specificity effect suggest about memory retrieval?

    <p>Matching contexts during encoding and retrieval enhances recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does state-dependent memory relate to physiological and psychological conditions?

    <p>Both physiological and psychological states play a role in memory performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of encoding specificity, what outcome is expected when participants are in a congruent state during both learning and recalling?

    <p>They will retrieve a higher number of words accurately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the encoding specificity principle suggest about memory retrieval?

    <p>It suggests that the conditions present during encoding affect how well information can be retrieved later.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Godden & Baddeley (1975) study, what were the two contrasting environments used for learning and testing?

    <p>The study compared learning on dry land and underwater, testing participants in either environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do congruent conditions in the testing phase affect memory performance according to the study's findings?

    <p>Congruent conditions lead to better memory retrieval compared to incongruent conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the learning environment play in accordance with the theory of transfer-appropriate processing?

    <p>The learning environment can significantly influence how information is encoded and ultimately retrieved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the experiment conducted by Godden & Baddeley in 1975?

    <p>The main purpose was to examine how different environmental contexts affect the retrieval of learned information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is characterized by the ability to remember personal experiences with specific time and place?

    <p>Episodic memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does semantic memory differ from episodic memory in terms of temporal dating?

    <p>Semantic memory is not temporally dated, whereas episodic memory is tied to specific times and places.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions are primarily associated with semantic memory?

    <p>Frontal and parietal regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does procedural memory refer to?

    <p>It refers to the memory of how to perform tasks or skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the Illusory Truth Effect.

    <p>It is the phenomenon where repeated exposure to misleading information increases the likelihood of believing it is true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between explicit and implicit memory?

    <p>Explicit memory involves conscious recall, while implicit memory influences behavior without conscious awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does conditioning relate to implicit memory?

    <p>Conditioning forms an association between two events, influencing responses without the need for conscious recall of the specific experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does interference play in episodic memory retrieval?

    <p>Episodic memory is more susceptible to interference from similar episodes, which can make retrieval challenging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Spacing Effect suggest about memory retention?

    <p>The Spacing Effect suggests that information is encoded in long-term memory better when reviewed at spaced-out intervals rather than through cramming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sleep impact different types of memory?

    <p>Sleep affects both explicit/declarative memory and implicit/procedural memory, enhancing the encoding of information into long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Levels of Processing theory in memory encoding?

    <p>The Levels of Processing theory posits that deeper, more meaningful processing of information leads to better encoding and retrieval in long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of Explicit/Declarative Memory?

    <p>Semantic and Episodic memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe how the Encoding Specificity principle relates to memory recall.

    <p>The Encoding Specificity principle states that memory recall is improved when the conditions during retrieval match those during encoding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Bahrick et al. (1975) suggest about the retention of faces and names over time?

    <p>People can recognize faces and names for a very long time, up to 48 years later.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What basic method was used to test the effects of spacing on memory recall?

    <p>Participants were taught facts at two different time points, and then their memory was tested after varying lengths of time between study sessions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Long-term Memory (LTM) capacity compare with Sensory Memory and Short-term Memory (STM)?

    <p>LTM capacity is functionally infinite compared to limited capacity of Sensory Memory and STM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Central Executive play in Baddeley’s model of working memory?

    <p>The Central Executive controls and allocates mental resources for attention and decision processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of long-term memory, what type of memory refers to skills and actions?

    <p>Procedural memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Semantic and Episodic memory?

    <p>Semantic memory consists of general knowledge, while Episodic memory includes personal experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the capacity of working memory as described by Miller's theory?

    <p>It is often described as having a capacity of 7 +/- 2 items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research suggest about free recall of people over time according to Bahrick et al. (1975)?

    <p>Free recall of individuals gets worse over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is maintenance rehearsal and how does it relate to the Serial Position Effect?

    <p>Maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeatedly recalling information to keep it in short-term memory, which contributes to the primacy effect by transferring that information into long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of the Illusory Truth Effect.

    <p>The Illusory Truth Effect refers to the phenomenon where repeated exposure to a statement increases the likelihood that it will be perceived as true, even if it is false.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the differences between declarative and implicit long-term memory?

    <p>Declarative long-term memory involves facts and events that we can consciously recall, while implicit long-term memory consists of skills and procedures that are performed without conscious awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the levels of processing theory explain the effectiveness of memory encoding?

    <p>The levels of processing theory suggests that deeper, semantic encoding leads to better retention of information than shallow, surface-level encoding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does rehearsal play in transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

    <p>Rehearsal serves as a mechanism to consolidate information from short-term to long-term memory through repetition and active processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core idea of the Transfer-Appropriate Processing framework?

    <p>The core idea is that how information is retrieved from long-term memory affects what can be retrieved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cued recall manipulate memory testing in the context of Transfer-Appropriate Processing?

    <p>Cued recall uses prompts that match the encoding phase to assess memory retrieval more effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the relationship between encoding and retrieval as suggested by the Levels of Processing Theory.

    <p>The theory suggests that better match between encoding methods and retrieval conditions leads to more effective recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary finding regarding the performance of recall tests in relation to encoding phases?

    <p>Recall performance is higher when the context of retrieval matches the encoding phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of cues were used in testing memory recall according to Craik and Tulving's research?

    <p>Cues were used that either matched the word's sound (phonetic) or its meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do structural, phonetic, and meaning levels of processing differ in terms of recall success?

    <p>Generally, processing information at the meaning level yields better recall success than structural or phonetic levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of memory research, what is meant by 'surprise memory test'?

    <p>A surprise memory test is an unexpected assessment that measures how well information has been retained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Craik and Tulving's findings imply about the importance of the retrieval process?

    <p>Their findings imply that retrieval processes are critical in determining what information can be effectively recalled from long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Infant-Directed Speech and Song

    • Infant-directed speech (IDS) refers to the way adults communicate with infants. 
    • It involves specific speech modifications, such as hyperarticulation (greater clarity) of vowels, variation in pitch, and slower speech with longer pauses. 
    • IDS is used across many cultures.
    • Important questions about IDS include: What is IDS? How does IDS affect language acquisition? Do all cultures use IDS?

    Methods for Studying Language/Speech Perception in Infants

    • Looking-time preference procedure: Infants look in a specific direction longer in response to a particular sound or stimulus. If they look longer in one direction, it means they prefer that sound.
    • Head-turn procedure: Infants turn their heads when they detect a change in a sound or stimulus. This shows that the infant detected the change.
    • Habituation procedure: Infants show decreased interest to repetitive auditory stimuli. Increased attention to new stimuli suggests they detect a change. 

    Infant-Directed Song

    •  Adults often sing to infants (infant-directed song or IDSong). 
    •  Adults often sing to infants in a particular way, similar to language adjustments.
    •  IDSong likely influences infant language acquisition.
    •  Cultural variations in IDSong exist.

    Brain Development for Language

    • Auditory system develops around 20 weeks of gestation.
    • Two hypotheses about brain development and language: . Equipotentiality hypothesis: No hemispheric specialization for language at birth; left hemisphere specialization comes later. . Invariance hypothesis: Hemispheric specialization for language at birth with comparable left-hemisphere organization to adults.
    • Evidence for invariance hypothesis includes studies demonstrating left hemispheric activity when infants hear speech and links between aphasia and left-hemisphere damage.

    Critical Periods for Language Acquisition

    • Critical period: A time window during development where a specific ability must be acquired. 
    • Input from the environment and biology are essential for acquisition.
    • Evidence supporting critical periods includes case studies like Genie (limited language acquisition despite exposure as child).
    • Cross-cultural studies on sign language learning may indirectly support the existence of critical periods. 

    Babbling

    • Babbling involves the production of sounds from phoneme spanning human languages.
    • The developmental stages of babbling include quasi-resonant vocalizations (QRV), fully-resonant vowels(FRV), marginal-syllable babbling and canonical-syllable babbling.
    •  Perceptual attunement is crucial; infants fine-tune to language-specific sounds, which impacts comprehension over the first year of life.

    Gesture as a Pre-cursor to Language

    •  Language development builds from non-symbolic gestures. 
    •  Pre-linguistic infants communicate through gestures like pointing, eye gaze.
    •  Iconic gestures map directly to their referent (meaning, object).
    •  Gestures and language combine in development, for example, pointing at a dog and saying “dog.”

    Language Comprehension in Infants

    • Development is rapid, with many words acquired around age 2.
    • A "noun explosion" is observed where nouns are learned rapidly around age two.

    Methods for Studying Language Comprehension in Infants

    • Specific behavioral methods are needed to study language comprehension in infants. 

    Infant-Directed Speech: What Is It and Why Do We Do It?

    • Several hypotheses attempt to explain the presence and function of infant-directed speech and song. 
    • Questions remain on whether cultural differences affect how we communicate with infants.

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    Week 10: Mental Imagery PSYC 221 Fall 2024 PDF
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    Description

    This quiz explores infant-directed speech (IDS) and its implications for language acquisition. It also examines various methods for studying language and speech perception in infants. Topics covered include cultural variations in IDS and research methodologies like looking-time and head-turn procedures.

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