64 Questions
What distinguishes human communication from animal communication?
Understanding of mental states
What type of speech do infants of all languages prefer over adult-directed speech?
Infant-directed speech
What do the contours and intonations in infant-directed speech help convey to infants?
Emotion and social situations
At what age do infants show increased sensitivity to emotion in the voice?
5 months
In the visual cliff experiment, what did 1-year-old infants do when referencing their mother's facial expressions?
Decided to cross or not cross based on the facial expressions
At what age do infants shift from responding directly to stimuli to attempting to share experiences with others?
9 months
What is a common type of words infants across different languages and cultures tend to speak first?
Parents, pets, common social phrases
How do infants learn word associations at around 18 months old?
By observing the speaker's gaze to determine the referred object
What aspect can children with autism have difficulty with, according to the text?
Understanding intentions through speaker's gaze
At what age do infants begin to understand that others have intentions, based on the text?
After 12 months old
How does understanding others' intentions help infants in terms of word learning?
By understanding the specific referent of an utterance
What did 2-year-olds successfully do in one study mentioned in the text, showcasing their understanding of intentions?
They chose a previously locked box when asked to look for the 'toma'
What is the primary change in infants' behavior related to gaze following between 8 and 12 months?
Infants focus on the adult rather than their gaze at 8 months, while at 12 months they learn to follow the adult's gaze.
How is duration of looking in the proper direction related to infants' language development?
Duration of looking in the proper direction is positively associated with faster vocabulary growth up to 2 years old.
What is the significance of joint reference for infants and adults during interactions?
Joint reference establishes a connection between the adult and infant when focusing on an object.
How do infants typically react to an adult changing focus from one object to another?
Infants focus on the adult when they change their focus to a different object.
How does caregivers labeling new objects contribute to infants' language development?
Labeling new objects by caregivers provides more opportunities for joint attention and faster vocabulary growth.
What is a common finding related to infants exposed to American Sign Language (ASL) mentioned in the text?
Their hands develop faster than their articulatory system.
What is the significance of iconicity in early signs produced by infants?
It helps make the signs recognizable to parents.
What developmental milestone is typically reached around 12-13 months, according to the text?
Emergence of symbolic signs and first words.
What do infants generally begin to understand at 8 months regarding language?
The sound system of the surrounding language.
What typically happens between 15-24 months in infants' language development?
They become efficient at recognizing familiar words before completely spoken.
What is the impact of a mother's verbal response on infants?
Maintains and increases infants' level of engagement
What aspect is necessary for a sign to be considered a symbol, according to the text?
It must be context-independent and intentional.
How do deaf children differ in their vocal babbling compared to hearing children?
Deaf children have a delayed onset of reduplicated babbling with a reduced repertoire of sounds.
Before speaking their first words, how do hearing infants communicate through gestures?
Through showing, giving, pointing, and ritual requests
How do gestures relate to language development in infants?
Gestures provide practice communicating via conventional signals
What do symbolic gestures involve?
Conventional signals for communication purposes
Why might gestural schemes persist along with language development in infants?
To provide additional practice in communication
What is the significance of infants interpreting pointing gestures by adults?
It signals a shift towards understanding others' intentions
How does infants' ability to interpret communicative pointing relate to vocabulary growth?
It predicts greater vocabulary growth by seeking confirmation from adults
What role do babbled sounds play in infants' language development?
They provide a foundation for infants' first words
How does the ability to interpret points change between 9 and 14 months in infants?
Infants become more flexible in following points and start pointing themselves
What does the text suggest about infants using pointing gestures by themselves at 14 months?
It signifies independence in communicating through gestures
How do infants' interpretations of intentional actions in objects impact their understanding of language development?
It may contribute to differentiating between meaningful and non-meaningful information in the environment
What is the term used to describe infants stringing together syllables that sound like real words, such as 'gaga' and 'mama'?
Canonical babbling
At what age does reduplicated babbling in infants typically transition to variegated babbling, where different syllables are strung together?
12-13 months
What is the term for the stage of babbling where infants produce longer strings of consonant-vowel combinations with varying intonations and stress patterns?
Jargon babbling
At what age do infants start experimenting with a wide range of noises they can produce with their vocal tracts, resulting in varying vowel-like sounds, hoots, and squeals?
4-6 months
What is the term used to describe the stage of babbling in infants where syllables are strung together that sound like real words, including a restricted set of vowels and consonants?
Canonical babbling
At what age do infants generally start using pointing gestures by themselves?
9 months
What is the significance of infants interpreting communicative pointing in relation to vocabulary growth?
It predicts greater vocab growth at up to 2 years of age
What cue do adults use when directing a child's gaze/attention according to the text?
Pointing
Why might infants interpret objects or faces resembling faces as intentional 'things'?
Because they learn that intentional cues provide meaningful information
What milestone do infants typically reach around 14 months regarding pointing?
They start using pointing gestures themselves
How does the ability to understand another's behavior as intentional potentially differentiate human language evolution from chimp communication?
It may be a crucial point for human versus chimp language evolution
When do symbolic signs and first words typically emerge in infants?
Around 12-13 months
What milestone are infants expected to reach in terms of word understanding by 16 months?
Understand an average of 150 words used in their home
At what age do infants typically show efficiency in recognizing familiar words even before they are fully spoken?
15-24 months
Why is iconicity significant in early signs produced by infants?
It increases parents' ability to recognize the meaning of the signs
What is essential for infants in recognizing words in fluent speech?
Being attuned to the sound system of the ambient language
How do infants generally respond to an adult changing focus from one object to another?
They look longer at the original object
What is the primary reason behind the range of babble being consistent across linguistic environments?
Anatomical or physiological differences
Why do babies tend to babble in sounds they hear more often from adults in their culture?
To mimic adult speech patterns
What do deaf and hearing infants exposed to sign language produce that differ between the two groups?
Distinct hand/arm movements
How do gestures relate to language development in infants according to the text?
Gestures provide practice communicating via conventional signals
What is the function of first gestures in hearing infants before they speak their first words?
Intentional and communicative communication
Why might verbal feedback play a significant role in infants' vocalization rate according to the text?
To maintain and increase engagement in social situations
What ability do infants demonstrate when they can engage in activities where they share attention with another but don't have to follow the other's gaze or provide cues?
Understanding intentions
How do infants typically react when they recognize that a speaker is referring to one object even though they are attending to a different object?
They show recognition of intentionality.
In one study mentioned in the text, what task did 2-year-olds successfully accomplish when asked to look for the 'toma'?
Opened a previously locked box
What is a common challenge children with autism face while learning word associations according to the text?
Inability to follow gaze cues
How does the ability to understand that others have intentions benefit infants in terms of word learning?
Enables them to manipulate attention
What is a significant finding related to infants' language development at around 1 year old?
Beginning to speak first words
Explore the concept of communication as the process where a signal influences the behavior of another organism. Discover the significance of intentionality and understanding mental states in human communication. Learn about the preference for infant-directed speech and the impact of a mother's voice on infants.
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