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Questions and Answers
What are the goals for the infant?
Born between the 39th and 41st week of gestation and weighing more than 6 pounds.
What are the primary factors for successful pregnancy?
Nutritional status before conception, appropriate weight gain, and adequate intake of essential nutrients during pregnancy.
What is the weight of a low birth weight baby?
Less than 5.5 pounds and gestational age of less than 32 weeks.
Mortality rates are highest for infants born at ____ to ____ weeks of gestation and decline sharply with increasing gestational age more than 32 weeks.
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What is important to do before pregnancy?
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What is a serious complication involving HBP that often leads to premature delivery?
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Inadequate intake of ________ _________ prior to pregnancy can result in neural tube defects.
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Low levels of _______ and folic acid are linked to premature births and stunted growth.
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Infant deaths are ___% more likely when the mother is obese and ___% more likely when the mother is morbidly obese.
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What is an abnormal consumption of specific food and nonfood substances known as?
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Who is usually affected by pica?
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What are gravidas?
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Maternal age can be a factor in the increase of LBW babies among gravidas younger than ______ years old.
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Women whose pre-pregnancy weight is within normal BMI should have a total weight gain of _____ to ____ lb.
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Women with normal BMI who are pregnant with twins should gain - lb.
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Overweight women should gain - lb.
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Obese women should gain - lb.
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Children are more likely to be overweight at age ___ if the mother gained excess weight.
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Hormonal changes (____________ and ___________________) contribute to increased susceptibility to gingivitis and periodontitis.
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Caffeine (more than ___ cups/day of coffee) is associated with LBW and risk of miscarriage.
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American Dietetic Association maintains pregnant women should not consume more than _______ mg of caffeine (less than ___ cups of coffee) per day.
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Alcohol is a __________ ________ antagonist.
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What foodborne illness can cause miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, or acute illness in the newborn?
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What foods should you avoid during pregnancy?
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Tooth development begins by the ______ week of gestation.
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Calcification of deciduous teeth begins about the _______ month; development of more than ____% of the 52 deciduous and permanent teeth is initiated during gestation.
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By the ______ month the mandible is calcified.
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Dentin and enamel depend on vitamin ____ for formation of collagen matrix and calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin _____ for mineralization.
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The estimated energy requirement does NOT increase during the first trimester of pregnancy.
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An additional _______ kcal should be consumed during the 2nd trimester.
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An additional _______ kcal should be consumed during the 3rd trimester.
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What becomes significantly elevated during the 2nd trimester?
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An additional ____ g of protein or a total of ____ g daily should be consumed.
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The recommended 1000 mg/day of calcium for women older than 19 years can be met by _______ servings of milk or dairy products.
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Pregnant women younger than 19 years of age may need ____ cups of milk to provide the necessary 1300 mg/day.
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Orofacial clefts and neural tube defects have been attributed to inadequate folate intake before conception and during the first trimester.
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RDA of folate is _______ µg.
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RDA of iron is _________ mg/day.
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The fetus acts as a parasite in that fetal ____________________, occurs at the expense of maternal iron stores.
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What is the only nutrient warranting global supplementation during pregnancy according to the IOM subcommittee?
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Who are considered high-risk and need supplementation during pregnancy?
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Exclusive breastfeeding for ____ to _____ months with the addition of complementary foods beginning at least by ___ months and continuing until _____ months is the ideal method of feeding infants.
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Approximately _____ kcal are needed for every 100 ml of milk produced, requiring an increase of approximately _____ kcal daily.
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Protein recommendations during lactation are slightly higher than for pregnancy, an additional ____ g/day (total of 70 g/day).
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What nutrient absorption is negatively affected by OCAs?
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What are some symptoms of perimenopause?
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What are oral conditions affected by menopause?
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What are some DH considerations towards menopause?
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Study Notes
Infant Goals
- Infants should be born between the 39th and 41st week of gestation.
- A healthy weight for infants is more than 6 pounds.
Successful Pregnancy Factors
- Nutritional status before conception is critical.
- Appropriate weight gain during pregnancy is essential.
- Adequate intake of essential nutrients is necessary throughout pregnancy.
Low Birth Weight
- Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds and typically occurs in infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation.
Gestational Age and Mortality Rates
- Mortality rates are highest for infants born at 22 to 23 weeks of gestation at 70%.
- Mortality rates decline sharply to 8% for infants born after 32 weeks.
Pre-Pregnancy Health
- Pre-pregnancy health is important, emphasizing the need to "get healthy."
Preeclampsia
- Preeclampsia is a serious complication involving high blood pressure, often leading to premature delivery.
Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects
- Insufficient intake of folic acid before and during early pregnancy can cause neural tube defects.
Iron's Role in Pregnancy
- Low levels of iron and folic acid are associated with premature births and developmental issues.
Maternal Obesity
- Infants are 23% more likely to die when the mother is obese and 70% more likely with morbid obesity.
Pica
- Pica is characterized by abnormal cravings for nonfood substances, such as dirt and paint chips.
Affected Groups by Pica
- Pica primarily affects lower socioeconomic groups, particularly African American women in rural areas and those with micronutrient deficiencies.
Gravidas Definition
- Gravidas refer to pregnant women.
Maternal Age Impact
- Maternal age under 18 years increases the risk of low birth weight in infants.
Weight Gain Recommendations
- Normal BMI women should aim for a weight gain of 25 to 35 pounds during pregnancy.
- Pregnant women with twins need to gain between 37-54 pounds.
- Overweight women should gain 15-25 pounds, while obese women should gain 11-20 pounds.
Child Weight Correlation
- Excess weight gained during pregnancy can lead to children being overweight by age three.
Hormonal Changes and Oral Health
- Elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy increase susceptibility to gingivitis and periodontitis.
Caffeine Recommendations
- Consuming more than seven cups of coffee per day is linked to low birth weight and increased miscarriage risk.
- The American Dietetic Association suggests limiting caffeine intake to 300 mg (around 2 cups of coffee) daily.
Alcohol and Folic Acid
- Alcohol acts as a folic acid antagonist, potentially affecting fetal development.
Foodborne Illness Risks
- Listeriosis can cause severe pregnancy complications, including miscarriage and stillbirth.
Foods to Avoid
- Pregnant women should avoid unpasteurized juices and dairy products, raw sprouts, and undercooked meats and seafood.
Tooth Development Timeline
- Tooth development begins by the sixth week of gestation, with calcification of deciduous teeth occurring around the fourth month.
Nutritional Needs During Pregnancy
- The estimated energy requirement does not increase during the first trimester, but additional caloric intake increases during the second (340 kcal) and third trimesters (452 kcal).
- An increase of 21 grams of protein or a total of 67 grams daily is recommended during pregnancy.
Calcium Intake
- Three servings of milk or dairy products can meet the recommended 1000 mg/day of calcium for women over 19 years.
- Pregnant women under 19 may need four cups of milk to meet 1300 mg/day.
Folate and Neural Tube Defects
- Inadequate folate intake before conception can lead to orofacial clefts and defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly.
- The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of folate is 600 µg.
Iron Requirements
- The RDA for iron during pregnancy is 27 mg/day, with the fetus prioritizing maternal iron stores for erythropoiesis.
Supplementation Needs
- Only iron is globally recommended for supplementation during pregnancy, particularly for high-risk groups like adolescents and those with multiple fetuses or substance use.
Breastfeeding Recommendations
- Exclusive breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months, with complementary foods introduced by at least 6 months, is ideal.
Lactation Energy Needs
- Producing 100 ml of milk requires 85 kcal, leading to a daily increase of approximately 500 kcal during lactation.
- Protein needs during lactation increase to a total of 70 g/day.
Oral Contraceptives and Nutrient Absorption
- Oral contraceptive agents (OCAs) can negatively affect the absorption of vitamins B6, B12, and folate.
Menopause Symptoms
- Perimenopause includes symptoms like loss of bone density and hot flashes.
Oral Health During Menopause
- Menopause can lead to reduced salivary flow, atrophic gingivitis, menopausal gingivostomatitis, and exaggerated plaque response.
Dental Hygiene Considerations
- Use of phytoestrogens and soluble fiber can help regulate cholesterol and alleviate menopausal symptoms.
- Emphasize daily oral care and preventive dental visits.
- Encourage calcium, vitamin D, and lean protein intake to support bone and body mass health.
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Description
This quiz covers important aspects of infant health and the factors contributing to a successful pregnancy. Key topics include gestational age, birth weight, nutritional status, and prenatal health. Test your knowledge on how these factors influence infant development and mortality rates.