Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the goals for the infant?
What are the goals for the infant?
Born between the 39th and 41st week of gestation and weighing more than 6 pounds.
What are the primary factors for successful pregnancy?
What are the primary factors for successful pregnancy?
Nutritional status before conception, appropriate weight gain, and adequate intake of essential nutrients during pregnancy.
What is the weight of a low birth weight baby?
What is the weight of a low birth weight baby?
Less than 5.5 pounds and gestational age of less than 32 weeks.
Mortality rates are highest for infants born at ____ to ____ weeks of gestation and decline sharply with increasing gestational age more than 32 weeks.
Mortality rates are highest for infants born at ____ to ____ weeks of gestation and decline sharply with increasing gestational age more than 32 weeks.
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What is important to do before pregnancy?
What is important to do before pregnancy?
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What is a serious complication involving HBP that often leads to premature delivery?
What is a serious complication involving HBP that often leads to premature delivery?
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Inadequate intake of ________ _________ prior to pregnancy can result in neural tube defects.
Inadequate intake of ________ _________ prior to pregnancy can result in neural tube defects.
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Low levels of _______ and folic acid are linked to premature births and stunted growth.
Low levels of _______ and folic acid are linked to premature births and stunted growth.
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Infant deaths are ___% more likely when the mother is obese and ___% more likely when the mother is morbidly obese.
Infant deaths are ___% more likely when the mother is obese and ___% more likely when the mother is morbidly obese.
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What is an abnormal consumption of specific food and nonfood substances known as?
What is an abnormal consumption of specific food and nonfood substances known as?
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Who is usually affected by pica?
Who is usually affected by pica?
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What are gravidas?
What are gravidas?
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Maternal age can be a factor in the increase of LBW babies among gravidas younger than ______ years old.
Maternal age can be a factor in the increase of LBW babies among gravidas younger than ______ years old.
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Women whose pre-pregnancy weight is within normal BMI should have a total weight gain of _____ to ____ lb.
Women whose pre-pregnancy weight is within normal BMI should have a total weight gain of _____ to ____ lb.
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Women with normal BMI who are pregnant with twins should gain - lb.
Women with normal BMI who are pregnant with twins should gain - lb.
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Overweight women should gain - lb.
Overweight women should gain - lb.
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Obese women should gain - lb.
Obese women should gain - lb.
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Children are more likely to be overweight at age ___ if the mother gained excess weight.
Children are more likely to be overweight at age ___ if the mother gained excess weight.
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Hormonal changes (____________ and ___________________) contribute to increased susceptibility to gingivitis and periodontitis.
Hormonal changes (____________ and ___________________) contribute to increased susceptibility to gingivitis and periodontitis.
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Caffeine (more than ___ cups/day of coffee) is associated with LBW and risk of miscarriage.
Caffeine (more than ___ cups/day of coffee) is associated with LBW and risk of miscarriage.
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American Dietetic Association maintains pregnant women should not consume more than _______ mg of caffeine (less than ___ cups of coffee) per day.
American Dietetic Association maintains pregnant women should not consume more than _______ mg of caffeine (less than ___ cups of coffee) per day.
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Alcohol is a __________ ________ antagonist.
Alcohol is a __________ ________ antagonist.
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What foodborne illness can cause miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, or acute illness in the newborn?
What foodborne illness can cause miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, or acute illness in the newborn?
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What foods should you avoid during pregnancy?
What foods should you avoid during pregnancy?
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Tooth development begins by the ______ week of gestation.
Tooth development begins by the ______ week of gestation.
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Calcification of deciduous teeth begins about the _______ month; development of more than ____% of the 52 deciduous and permanent teeth is initiated during gestation.
Calcification of deciduous teeth begins about the _______ month; development of more than ____% of the 52 deciduous and permanent teeth is initiated during gestation.
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By the ______ month the mandible is calcified.
By the ______ month the mandible is calcified.
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Dentin and enamel depend on vitamin ____ for formation of collagen matrix and calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin _____ for mineralization.
Dentin and enamel depend on vitamin ____ for formation of collagen matrix and calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin _____ for mineralization.
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The estimated energy requirement does NOT increase during the first trimester of pregnancy.
The estimated energy requirement does NOT increase during the first trimester of pregnancy.
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An additional _______ kcal should be consumed during the 2nd trimester.
An additional _______ kcal should be consumed during the 2nd trimester.
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An additional _______ kcal should be consumed during the 3rd trimester.
An additional _______ kcal should be consumed during the 3rd trimester.
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What becomes significantly elevated during the 2nd trimester?
What becomes significantly elevated during the 2nd trimester?
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An additional ____ g of protein or a total of ____ g daily should be consumed.
An additional ____ g of protein or a total of ____ g daily should be consumed.
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The recommended 1000 mg/day of calcium for women older than 19 years can be met by _______ servings of milk or dairy products.
The recommended 1000 mg/day of calcium for women older than 19 years can be met by _______ servings of milk or dairy products.
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Pregnant women younger than 19 years of age may need ____ cups of milk to provide the necessary 1300 mg/day.
Pregnant women younger than 19 years of age may need ____ cups of milk to provide the necessary 1300 mg/day.
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Orofacial clefts and neural tube defects have been attributed to inadequate folate intake before conception and during the first trimester.
Orofacial clefts and neural tube defects have been attributed to inadequate folate intake before conception and during the first trimester.
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RDA of folate is _______ µg.
RDA of folate is _______ µg.
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RDA of iron is _________ mg/day.
RDA of iron is _________ mg/day.
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The fetus acts as a parasite in that fetal ____________________, occurs at the expense of maternal iron stores.
The fetus acts as a parasite in that fetal ____________________, occurs at the expense of maternal iron stores.
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What is the only nutrient warranting global supplementation during pregnancy according to the IOM subcommittee?
What is the only nutrient warranting global supplementation during pregnancy according to the IOM subcommittee?
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Who are considered high-risk and need supplementation during pregnancy?
Who are considered high-risk and need supplementation during pregnancy?
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Exclusive breastfeeding for ____ to _____ months with the addition of complementary foods beginning at least by ___ months and continuing until _____ months is the ideal method of feeding infants.
Exclusive breastfeeding for ____ to _____ months with the addition of complementary foods beginning at least by ___ months and continuing until _____ months is the ideal method of feeding infants.
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Approximately _____ kcal are needed for every 100 ml of milk produced, requiring an increase of approximately _____ kcal daily.
Approximately _____ kcal are needed for every 100 ml of milk produced, requiring an increase of approximately _____ kcal daily.
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Protein recommendations during lactation are slightly higher than for pregnancy, an additional ____ g/day (total of 70 g/day).
Protein recommendations during lactation are slightly higher than for pregnancy, an additional ____ g/day (total of 70 g/day).
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What nutrient absorption is negatively affected by OCAs?
What nutrient absorption is negatively affected by OCAs?
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What are some symptoms of perimenopause?
What are some symptoms of perimenopause?
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What are oral conditions affected by menopause?
What are oral conditions affected by menopause?
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What are some DH considerations towards menopause?
What are some DH considerations towards menopause?
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Study Notes
Infant Goals
- Infants should be born between the 39th and 41st week of gestation.
- A healthy weight for infants is more than 6 pounds.
Successful Pregnancy Factors
- Nutritional status before conception is critical.
- Appropriate weight gain during pregnancy is essential.
- Adequate intake of essential nutrients is necessary throughout pregnancy.
Low Birth Weight
- Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds and typically occurs in infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation.
Gestational Age and Mortality Rates
- Mortality rates are highest for infants born at 22 to 23 weeks of gestation at 70%.
- Mortality rates decline sharply to 8% for infants born after 32 weeks.
Pre-Pregnancy Health
- Pre-pregnancy health is important, emphasizing the need to "get healthy."
Preeclampsia
- Preeclampsia is a serious complication involving high blood pressure, often leading to premature delivery.
Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects
- Insufficient intake of folic acid before and during early pregnancy can cause neural tube defects.
Iron's Role in Pregnancy
- Low levels of iron and folic acid are associated with premature births and developmental issues.
Maternal Obesity
- Infants are 23% more likely to die when the mother is obese and 70% more likely with morbid obesity.
Pica
- Pica is characterized by abnormal cravings for nonfood substances, such as dirt and paint chips.
Affected Groups by Pica
- Pica primarily affects lower socioeconomic groups, particularly African American women in rural areas and those with micronutrient deficiencies.
Gravidas Definition
- Gravidas refer to pregnant women.
Maternal Age Impact
- Maternal age under 18 years increases the risk of low birth weight in infants.
Weight Gain Recommendations
- Normal BMI women should aim for a weight gain of 25 to 35 pounds during pregnancy.
- Pregnant women with twins need to gain between 37-54 pounds.
- Overweight women should gain 15-25 pounds, while obese women should gain 11-20 pounds.
Child Weight Correlation
- Excess weight gained during pregnancy can lead to children being overweight by age three.
Hormonal Changes and Oral Health
- Elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy increase susceptibility to gingivitis and periodontitis.
Caffeine Recommendations
- Consuming more than seven cups of coffee per day is linked to low birth weight and increased miscarriage risk.
- The American Dietetic Association suggests limiting caffeine intake to 300 mg (around 2 cups of coffee) daily.
Alcohol and Folic Acid
- Alcohol acts as a folic acid antagonist, potentially affecting fetal development.
Foodborne Illness Risks
- Listeriosis can cause severe pregnancy complications, including miscarriage and stillbirth.
Foods to Avoid
- Pregnant women should avoid unpasteurized juices and dairy products, raw sprouts, and undercooked meats and seafood.
Tooth Development Timeline
- Tooth development begins by the sixth week of gestation, with calcification of deciduous teeth occurring around the fourth month.
Nutritional Needs During Pregnancy
- The estimated energy requirement does not increase during the first trimester, but additional caloric intake increases during the second (340 kcal) and third trimesters (452 kcal).
- An increase of 21 grams of protein or a total of 67 grams daily is recommended during pregnancy.
Calcium Intake
- Three servings of milk or dairy products can meet the recommended 1000 mg/day of calcium for women over 19 years.
- Pregnant women under 19 may need four cups of milk to meet 1300 mg/day.
Folate and Neural Tube Defects
- Inadequate folate intake before conception can lead to orofacial clefts and defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly.
- The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of folate is 600 µg.
Iron Requirements
- The RDA for iron during pregnancy is 27 mg/day, with the fetus prioritizing maternal iron stores for erythropoiesis.
Supplementation Needs
- Only iron is globally recommended for supplementation during pregnancy, particularly for high-risk groups like adolescents and those with multiple fetuses or substance use.
Breastfeeding Recommendations
- Exclusive breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months, with complementary foods introduced by at least 6 months, is ideal.
Lactation Energy Needs
- Producing 100 ml of milk requires 85 kcal, leading to a daily increase of approximately 500 kcal during lactation.
- Protein needs during lactation increase to a total of 70 g/day.
Oral Contraceptives and Nutrient Absorption
- Oral contraceptive agents (OCAs) can negatively affect the absorption of vitamins B6, B12, and folate.
Menopause Symptoms
- Perimenopause includes symptoms like loss of bone density and hot flashes.
Oral Health During Menopause
- Menopause can lead to reduced salivary flow, atrophic gingivitis, menopausal gingivostomatitis, and exaggerated plaque response.
Dental Hygiene Considerations
- Use of phytoestrogens and soluble fiber can help regulate cholesterol and alleviate menopausal symptoms.
- Emphasize daily oral care and preventive dental visits.
- Encourage calcium, vitamin D, and lean protein intake to support bone and body mass health.
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Description
This quiz covers important aspects of infant health and the factors contributing to a successful pregnancy. Key topics include gestational age, birth weight, nutritional status, and prenatal health. Test your knowledge on how these factors influence infant development and mortality rates.
