Infant Health and Pregnancy Guidelines

Questions and Answers

What are the goals for the infant?

Born between the 39th and 41st week of gestation and weighing more than 6 pounds.

What are the primary factors for successful pregnancy?

Nutritional status before conception, appropriate weight gain, and adequate intake of essential nutrients during pregnancy.

What is the weight of a low birth weight baby?

Less than 5.5 pounds and gestational age of less than 32 weeks.

Mortality rates are highest for infants born at to weeks of gestation and decline sharply with increasing gestational age more than 32 weeks.

22 to 23 Signup and view all the answers

What is important to do before pregnancy?

Getting healthy. Signup and view all the answers

What is a serious complication involving HBP that often leads to premature delivery?

Preeclampsia. Signup and view all the answers

Inadequate intake of _ prior to pregnancy can result in neural tube defects.

folic acid Signup and view all the answers

Low levels of _______ and folic acid are linked to premature births and stunted growth.

iron Signup and view all the answers

Infant deaths are _% more likely when the mother is obese and _% more likely when the mother is morbidly obese.

23%, 70% Signup and view all the answers

What is an abnormal consumption of specific food and nonfood substances known as?

Pica. Signup and view all the answers

Who is usually affected by pica?

Lower socioeconomic groups, African American women living in rural areas with a childhood and family history of pica, and those with micronutrient deficiencies such as iron and zinc. Signup and view all the answers

What are gravidas?

Pregnant women. Signup and view all the answers

Maternal age can be a factor in the increase of LBW babies among gravidas younger than ______ years old.

18 Signup and view all the answers

Women whose pre-pregnancy weight is within normal BMI should have a total weight gain of _ to lb.

25 to 35 Signup and view all the answers

Women with normal BMI who are pregnant with twins should gain - lb.

37-54 Signup and view all the answers

Overweight women should gain - lb.

15 to 25 Signup and view all the answers

Obese women should gain - lb.

11 to 20 Signup and view all the answers

Children are more likely to be overweight at age ___ if the mother gained excess weight.

3 Signup and view all the answers

Hormonal changes ( and _______) contribute to increased susceptibility to gingivitis and periodontitis.

estrogen, progesterone Signup and view all the answers

Caffeine (more than ___ cups/day of coffee) is associated with LBW and risk of miscarriage.

7 Signup and view all the answers

American Dietetic Association maintains pregnant women should not consume more than _____ mg of caffeine (less than _ cups of coffee) per day.

300 mg, 2 cups Signup and view all the answers

Alcohol is a __ antagonist.

folic acid Signup and view all the answers

What foodborne illness can cause miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, or acute illness in the newborn?

Listeriosis. Signup and view all the answers

What foods should you avoid during pregnancy?

Unpasteurized juices, milk, and milk products; raw sprouts; and raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs, fish, and shellfish. Signup and view all the answers

Tooth development begins by the ______ week of gestation.

sixth Signup and view all the answers

Calcification of deciduous teeth begins about the ___ month; development of more than % of the 52 deciduous and permanent teeth is initiated during gestation.

fourth, 60% Signup and view all the answers

By the ______ month the mandible is calcified.

fourth Signup and view all the answers

Dentin and enamel depend on vitamin for formation of collagen matrix and calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin _ for mineralization.

C, D Signup and view all the answers

The estimated energy requirement does NOT increase during the first trimester of pregnancy.

True Signup and view all the answers

An additional _______ kcal should be consumed during the 2nd trimester.

340 Signup and view all the answers

An additional _______ kcal should be consumed during the 3rd trimester.

452 Signup and view all the answers

What becomes significantly elevated during the 2nd trimester?

Serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Signup and view all the answers

An additional g of protein or a total of g daily should be consumed.

21, 67 Signup and view all the answers

The recommended 1000 mg/day of calcium for women older than 19 years can be met by _______ servings of milk or dairy products.

three Signup and view all the answers

Pregnant women younger than 19 years of age may need ____ cups of milk to provide the necessary 1300 mg/day.

4 cups Signup and view all the answers

Orofacial clefts and neural tube defects have been attributed to inadequate folate intake before conception and during the first trimester.

Anencephaly Signup and view all the answers

RDA of folate is _______ µg.

600 Signup and view all the answers

RDA of iron is _________ mg/day.

27 Signup and view all the answers

The fetus acts as a parasite in that fetal ____________________, occurs at the expense of maternal iron stores.

erythropoiesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the only nutrient warranting global supplementation during pregnancy according to the IOM subcommittee?

Iron. Signup and view all the answers

Who are considered high-risk and need supplementation during pregnancy?

Adolescent pregnancy, carrying more than one fetus, use of cigarettes, alcohol, or other drugs. Signup and view all the answers

Exclusive breastfeeding for __ to _ months with the addition of complementary foods beginning at least by _ months and continuing until _____ months is the ideal method of feeding infants.

4 to 6, 6, 12 Signup and view all the answers

Approximately _ kcal are needed for every 100 ml of milk produced, requiring an increase of approximately _ kcal daily.

85, 500 Signup and view all the answers

Protein recommendations during lactation are slightly higher than for pregnancy, an additional ____ g/day (total of 70 g/day).

25 Signup and view all the answers

What nutrient absorption is negatively affected by OCAs?

Vitamins B6 and B12, folate acid. Signup and view all the answers

What are some symptoms of perimenopause?

Loss of bone density, hot flashes, sweats, etc. Signup and view all the answers

What are oral conditions affected by menopause?

Reduced salivary flow, atrophic gingivitis, menopausal gingivostomatitis, exaggerated response to plaque biofilm. Signup and view all the answers

What are some DH considerations towards menopause?

Phytoestrogens (soy) and soluble fiber may help regulate cholesterol levels, decrease menopausal symptoms; maintain meticulous daily oral self-care and regular preventive dental care; encourage calcium and vitamin D-rich food choices to maintain bone mass; encourage lean protein sources to minimize loss of lean body mass. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Infant Goals

Infants should be born between the 39th and 41st week of gestation.
A healthy weight for infants is more than 6 pounds.

Successful Pregnancy Factors

Nutritional status before conception is critical.
Appropriate weight gain during pregnancy is essential.
Adequate intake of essential nutrients is necessary throughout pregnancy.

Low Birth Weight

Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds and typically occurs in infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation.

Gestational Age and Mortality Rates

Mortality rates are highest for infants born at 22 to 23 weeks of gestation at 70%.
Mortality rates decline sharply to 8% for infants born after 32 weeks.

Pre-Pregnancy Health

Pre-pregnancy health is important, emphasizing the need to "get healthy."

Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a serious complication involving high blood pressure, often leading to premature delivery.

Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects

Insufficient intake of folic acid before and during early pregnancy can cause neural tube defects.

Iron's Role in Pregnancy

Low levels of iron and folic acid are associated with premature births and developmental issues.

Maternal Obesity

Infants are 23% more likely to die when the mother is obese and 70% more likely with morbid obesity.

Pica

Pica is characterized by abnormal cravings for nonfood substances, such as dirt and paint chips.

Affected Groups by Pica

Pica primarily affects lower socioeconomic groups, particularly African American women in rural areas and those with micronutrient deficiencies.

Gravidas Definition

Gravidas refer to pregnant women.

Maternal Age Impact

Maternal age under 18 years increases the risk of low birth weight in infants.

Weight Gain Recommendations

Normal BMI women should aim for a weight gain of 25 to 35 pounds during pregnancy.
Pregnant women with twins need to gain between 37-54 pounds.
Overweight women should gain 15-25 pounds, while obese women should gain 11-20 pounds.

Child Weight Correlation

Excess weight gained during pregnancy can lead to children being overweight by age three.

Hormonal Changes and Oral Health

Elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy increase susceptibility to gingivitis and periodontitis.

Caffeine Recommendations

Consuming more than seven cups of coffee per day is linked to low birth weight and increased miscarriage risk.
The American Dietetic Association suggests limiting caffeine intake to 300 mg (around 2 cups of coffee) daily.

Alcohol and Folic Acid

Alcohol acts as a folic acid antagonist, potentially affecting fetal development.

Foodborne Illness Risks

Listeriosis can cause severe pregnancy complications, including miscarriage and stillbirth.

Foods to Avoid

Pregnant women should avoid unpasteurized juices and dairy products, raw sprouts, and undercooked meats and seafood.

Tooth Development Timeline

Tooth development begins by the sixth week of gestation, with calcification of deciduous teeth occurring around the fourth month.

Nutritional Needs During Pregnancy

The estimated energy requirement does not increase during the first trimester, but additional caloric intake increases during the second (340 kcal) and third trimesters (452 kcal).
An increase of 21 grams of protein or a total of 67 grams daily is recommended during pregnancy.

Calcium Intake

Three servings of milk or dairy products can meet the recommended 1000 mg/day of calcium for women over 19 years.
Pregnant women under 19 may need four cups of milk to meet 1300 mg/day.

Folate and Neural Tube Defects

Inadequate folate intake before conception can lead to orofacial clefts and defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly.
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of folate is 600 µg.

Iron Requirements

The RDA for iron during pregnancy is 27 mg/day, with the fetus prioritizing maternal iron stores for erythropoiesis.

Supplementation Needs

Only iron is globally recommended for supplementation during pregnancy, particularly for high-risk groups like adolescents and those with multiple fetuses or substance use.

Breastfeeding Recommendations

Exclusive breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months, with complementary foods introduced by at least 6 months, is ideal.

Lactation Energy Needs

Producing 100 ml of milk requires 85 kcal, leading to a daily increase of approximately 500 kcal during lactation.
Protein needs during lactation increase to a total of 70 g/day.

Oral Contraceptives and Nutrient Absorption

Oral contraceptive agents (OCAs) can negatively affect the absorption of vitamins B6, B12, and folate.

Menopause Symptoms

Perimenopause includes symptoms like loss of bone density and hot flashes.

Oral Health During Menopause

Menopause can lead to reduced salivary flow, atrophic gingivitis, menopausal gingivostomatitis, and exaggerated plaque response.

Dental Hygiene Considerations

Use of phytoestrogens and soluble fiber can help regulate cholesterol and alleviate menopausal symptoms.
Emphasize daily oral care and preventive dental visits.
Encourage calcium, vitamin D, and lean protein intake to support bone and body mass health.

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Description

This quiz covers important aspects of infant health and the factors contributing to a successful pregnancy. Key topics include gestational age, birth weight, nutritional status, and prenatal health. Test your knowledge on how these factors influence infant development and mortality rates.