Industrial Microbiology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the common name for the mushroom known as Termitomyces heimii?

Termite fungus.

Where is Pleurotus djamor commonly found, and what is its vernacular name?

It is commonly found on dead palm trunks and is known as the grey oyster mushroom.

Describe the growth pattern of the Agaricus bisporus mushroom.

Agaricus bisporus typically grows in clusters with narrow, crowded gills that change color as they mature.

What distinguishes Volvariella volvacea from other mushrooms in terms of its habitat?

<p>Volvariella volvacea is commonly found in oil palm plantations on composting fruit fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the gills of the mushroom known as split gill contribute to its name?

<p>The gills split when the mushroom dries out, which is reflected in the name 'split gill'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes primary metabolites from secondary metabolites in industrial microbiology?

<p>Primary metabolites are produced during the exponential growth phase, while secondary metabolites form near the end of the growth phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are fungi, such as yeasts and molds, utilized in industrial microbiology?

<p>Fungi are major microorganisms used in industrial microbiology due to their ability to produce valuable products and metabolites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical example of a primary metabolite and its significance in industrial microbiology?

<p>A typical primary metabolite is alcohol, which is significant as it is formed during energy metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of the genus Streptomycetes in industrial microbiology.

<p>The genus Streptomycetes is known for its ability to produce antibiotics and other natural products crucial for medicine and health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do microorganisms contribute to the food industry as highlighted in industrial microbiology?

<p>Microorganisms contribute to the food industry by participating in fermentation processes that enhance flavor, preservation, and nutritional value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bacteriocidal products?

<p>They kill bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is known for producing the antibiotic penicillin?

<p>Penicillium chrysogenum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cellulase enzymes play in the textile industry?

<p>They replace pumice stones for stone-washing denim and contribute to biopolishing of fabrics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two bacteria involved in the production of vitamin B12.

<p>Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Pseudomonas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sporicidal products in healthcare?

<p>They kill bacterial endospores and fungal spores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bioremediation?

<p>The use of microorganisms to remove or detoxify chemicals in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of fungi produces the antibiotic tetracycline?

<p>Streptomyces aureofaciens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is malolactic fermentation, and which bacteria catalyze it?

<p>Malolactic fermentation is the process of converting malic acid to lactic acid, catalyzed by Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, and Oenococcus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary metabolites and why are they important in fermentation technology?

<p>Secondary metabolites are complex compounds not essential for growth and reproduction but are crucial for industrial applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main requirements for successful fermentation operation?

<p>Successful fermentation requires research on microbes, suitable feedstock, optimum fermentor operation, and downstream processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do solid substrate fermentations differ from liquid fermentations?

<p>Solid substrate fermentations utilize solid materials for microbial growth, often seen in traditional Asian food fermentations and mushroom cultivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which yeast is predominantly used in alcoholic beverage production and what conditions promote its fermentation?

<p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the primary yeast used, and fermentation occurs in low oxygen conditions or high sugar concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Aspergillus niger play in fermentation technology?

<p>Aspergillus niger is utilized for producing citric acid, gluconic acid, and various enzymes like amyloglucosidase and α-amylase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms?

<p>Secondary metabolites are not essential for growth, their production depends on growth conditions, and they are often overproduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the importance of downstream processing in fermentation technology.

<p>Downstream processing is crucial for purifying and recovering the final products from fermentation processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of anaerobic metabolism during fermentation.

<p>Anaerobic metabolism allows for the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen, which is critical for various fermentation processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary reasons for collecting wild mushrooms?

<p>Wild mushrooms are collected for edible, medicinal, and hallucinogenic purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name three high-demand wild edible mushrooms mentioned in the content.

<p>Morels, chanterelles, and porcini mushrooms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has deforestation impacted the ethnomycological knowledge related to wild mushrooms?

<p>Deforestation threatens the correct identification knowledge of wild edible fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Agaricus bisporus in commercial mushroom cultivation?

<p>Agaricus bisporus, or button mushroom, is one of the most commonly cultivated commercial mushrooms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substrate materials are commonly used for mushroom cultivation?

<p>Common substrate materials include paddy straw and animal manure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the fruit body characteristics of Galeilla rufa.

<p>Galeilla rufa has fruit bodies that are tan to brownish, up to 3 cm across, with thick rubbery flesh.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some vernacular names for Schizophyllum commune and what do they imply about its regional significance?

<p>Vernacular names include cendawan kukur in Peninsular Malaysia and jamur kerikit in Sumatra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What roles do mushrooms play in the diet of communities in Malaysia?

<p>In Malaysia, mushrooms are viewed as a vegetable component of the diet and may be sold alongside other vegetables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary fungus used in the production of miso, and what is the primary substrate?

<p>The primary fungus used in miso production is Aspergillus oryzae, and the main substrate is rice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fungus contributes to the blue color in cheese, and why are the molds used in cheese production considered safe?

<p>Penicillium roqueforti contributes to the blue color in cheese, and the molds are considered safe because they are non-toxic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates tempeh from traditional soy products?

<p>Tempeh is differentiated by its natural culturing and controlled fermentation process that binds soybeans into a cake form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of substrate is often used in the production of tapai, and what is a common use of this product?

<p>Tapai is commonly produced from glutinous rice, and it is often used in traditional alcoholic beverages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main ingredient in onchom, and which mold is primarily used during its short fermentation?

<p>The main ingredient in onchom is ground nut or peanut, and the primary mold used is Neurospora sitophila.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of making ang-kak, and what is its main ingredient?

<p>Ang-kak involves cultivating Monascus purpureus on polished rice, which is its main ingredient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganisms are commonly used in the fermentation of tapai?

<p>Molds such as Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oryzae, along with yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are commonly used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the general characteristics of the molds used in cheese production, specifically regarding toxicity?

<p>The molds used in cheese production are generally non-toxic and safe for human consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Industrial Microbiology

  • Industrial microorganisms and their products are used in various industries.
  • Microorganisms like fungi (yeasts and molds) and prokaryotes (genus Streptomycetes) are major players.
  • Examples of industrial products include cells, supplements, enzymes, antibiotics, food additives, and chemicals (e.g., citric acid).

Learning Outcomes

  • Students will understand microbes' importance in industries and agriculture.
  • They will know microbes' use as food sources.
  • Students will learn the fermentation process in producing secondary metabolites.

Two Types of Microbial Metabolites

  • Primary metabolites appear during exponential growth; secondary metabolites appear later.
  • Primary metabolite examples include alcohol, produced as part of energy production.
  • Secondary metabolites are often complex and crucial, e.g., penicillin.

Fermentation Technology

  • Fermentation involves large-scale cultivation in fermentors using primarily aerobes, requiring research, suitable materials, and optimized conditions, plus downstream processing.

Stirred Tank Fermenters

  • Additionally, cellulase enzymes are utilized in biopolishing to smooth cellulosic fibers. These extracellular enzymes effectively convert polysaccharides and proteins into sugars and amino acids, replacing traditional acid hydrolysis methods.

Reported Fermentation Application

  • Specific fungi (e.g., Aspergillus awamori, niger, oryzae, Penicillium chrysogenum) are used in producing various products, including amyloglucosidase, citric acid, antibiotics (e.g., penicillin), and other products.
  • Examples include oxidation of sewage and cellulose production.

Alcoholic Beverages

  • Yeasts, like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are used in alcoholic beverage production.
  • Fermentation occurs with little to no oxygen, or high sugar concentrations, leading to ethanol and carbon dioxide production.
  • Alcoholic beverages such as wine, cider, perry, and beer are made from various plant sources
  • Starch, in the case of beer, represents a carbohydrate source

Products for the Health Industry

  • Antimicrobial products include germicidal, bacteriocidal, bacteriostatic, sporicidal, and fungicidal agents.
  • These agents have various effects, ranging from killing microbes and bacteria to stopping their growth and even killing spores and fungi.

Antibiotics

  • Antibiotics, are isolated, characterized, and purified for increased yield during production processes.
  • Table in the notes lists specific antibiotics and their producing microorganisms to get further detail. Common antibiotics include, but not limited to, bacitracin, cephalosporin, chloramphenicol, and penicillin.

Enzymes as Industrial Products

  • Fungi and bacteria produce enzymes for various industrial applications, especially food processing.
  • Examples include use in starch or protein digestion.
  • Industries like baking, textiles, and laundry, use the enzymes as well.

Enzymes Technology

  • Enzymes are essential for decomposing organic materials and are increasingly utilized in food production and fabric treatment, especially for denim, to replace damaging pumice stones.

  • Mushrooms can be edible or wild, with many having medicinal uses; examples include Amanita muscaria and Psilocybe cubense.

Cultured Edible Mushrooms

  • Several mushroom species are cultured commercially.
  • Examples include Agaricus bisporus (button), Lentinula edodes (shiitake), Volvariella volvacea (paddy straw), Pleurotus, and other species.

Other Specific Fungi

  • Notes detail types & characteristics of various fungi like Galelia rufa, Schizophyllum commune, Termitomyces heimii Pleurotus djamor, Volvariella volvacea, Agaricus bisporus and Ganoderma lucidum, Auricularia auricularia-judae, Calvatia cyathiformis

Poisonous Mushrooms

  • Some mushroom species are toxic to humans.
  • Species like Conocybe, Galerina, Lepiota, Amanita virosa, and A. phalloides, and Amanita muscaria are listed in the notes as causing serious effects or poisoning.

Food Processing by Fungi

  • Fungi play critical roles in different food processing techniques.
  • Examples such as bread, soy sauce, miso, cheeses, Tempeh, rice cakes etc are given as examples in different scenarios.

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Industrial and Applied Microbiology PDF

Description

Explore the role of industrial microorganisms in various industries, focusing on their products and the fermentation process. Understand the distinction between primary and secondary metabolites, including examples like alcohol and penicillin. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of how microbes contribute to agriculture and industry.

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