Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of T cells is activated by MHC class I molecules?
Which type of T cells is activated by MHC class I molecules?
Which of the following factors is primarily responsible for increasing vascular permeability?
Which of the following factors is primarily responsible for increasing vascular permeability?
Which acute-phase protein can increase up to 1000 times during an inflammatory response?
Which acute-phase protein can increase up to 1000 times during an inflammatory response?
What is activated through spontaneous hydrolysis of C3?
What is activated through spontaneous hydrolysis of C3?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as a carcinogenic agent?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a carcinogenic agent?
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What does a urine osmolality of greater than 450 mOsm/kg indicate?
What does a urine osmolality of greater than 450 mOsm/kg indicate?
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Which condition is NOT associated with hypervolemia?
Which condition is NOT associated with hypervolemia?
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What is a common symptom associated with hypervolemia?
What is a common symptom associated with hypervolemia?
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Which test result would likely indicate a renal or adrenal cause for sodium retention?
Which test result would likely indicate a renal or adrenal cause for sodium retention?
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Which of the following factors can lead to immunodeficiency due to inappropriate lifestyle choices?
Which of the following factors can lead to immunodeficiency due to inappropriate lifestyle choices?
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Which symptom is characteristic of fluid overload related to hypervolemia?
Which symptom is characteristic of fluid overload related to hypervolemia?
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Which condition is associated with a T-cell origin immunodeficiency?
Which condition is associated with a T-cell origin immunodeficiency?
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What characterizes Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What characterizes Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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What is the primary problem in hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary problem in hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which type of immune deficiency is caused by chemotherapy?
Which type of immune deficiency is caused by chemotherapy?
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The primary mediators of Type II hypersensitivity reactions are:
The primary mediators of Type II hypersensitivity reactions are:
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What is a common cause of secondary immunodeficiencies?
What is a common cause of secondary immunodeficiencies?
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Which of the following statements about fungal and parasitic infections is true?
Which of the following statements about fungal and parasitic infections is true?
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Which cell type is primarily responsible for phagocytosis within the tissue during the resolution phase of acute inflammation?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for phagocytosis within the tissue during the resolution phase of acute inflammation?
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What is the primary function of mast cells in the context of inflammation?
What is the primary function of mast cells in the context of inflammation?
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What type of chemokines are particularly important for leukocyte activation?
What type of chemokines are particularly important for leukocyte activation?
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Which adhesion molecules are involved in the adherence of leukocytes to endothelial cells?
Which adhesion molecules are involved in the adherence of leukocytes to endothelial cells?
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Which cell type is recognized as a professional antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
Which cell type is recognized as a professional antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
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Which factor is NOT typically involved in the process of marginalization during inflammation?
Which factor is NOT typically involved in the process of marginalization during inflammation?
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Which component is most closely associated with the synthesis of cytokines like IL-1 and TNF?
Which component is most closely associated with the synthesis of cytokines like IL-1 and TNF?
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What role do endothelial cells play in the context of inflammation?
What role do endothelial cells play in the context of inflammation?
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What is a mandatory condition for neoplastic growth?
What is a mandatory condition for neoplastic growth?
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Which of the following mutations is most commonly associated with neoplasms?
Which of the following mutations is most commonly associated with neoplasms?
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How do tumor cells evade immune detection?
How do tumor cells evade immune detection?
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Which factor contributes to the immortalization of tumor cells?
Which factor contributes to the immortalization of tumor cells?
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What role do products from mutated oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes play in neoplasm recognition?
What role do products from mutated oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes play in neoplasm recognition?
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Which of the following proteins is overexpressed in some tumors?
Which of the following proteins is overexpressed in some tumors?
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What is a potential consequence of decreased recognition by the immune system in tumor cells?
What is a potential consequence of decreased recognition by the immune system in tumor cells?
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Which oncogenic virus is linked to the production of tumor antigens E6 and E7?
Which oncogenic virus is linked to the production of tumor antigens E6 and E7?
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What role do serotonin and prostaglandins play in inflammation?
What role do serotonin and prostaglandins play in inflammation?
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Which of the following components is associated with chemotaxis of neutrophils?
Which of the following components is associated with chemotaxis of neutrophils?
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What is a primary effect of leukotrienes in the inflammatory response?
What is a primary effect of leukotrienes in the inflammatory response?
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How do platelets contribute to the inflammatory response?
How do platelets contribute to the inflammatory response?
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What is a function of bradykinin in inflammation?
What is a function of bradykinin in inflammation?
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Which pathway is first activated during the classical complement activation process?
Which pathway is first activated during the classical complement activation process?
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What effect do cytokines have on endothelial cells?
What effect do cytokines have on endothelial cells?
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Which of the following components primarily decreases platelet aggregation?
Which of the following components primarily decreases platelet aggregation?
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What is the role of complement component C3b in the immune response?
What is the role of complement component C3b in the immune response?
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How do prostaglandins affect the sensation of pain?
How do prostaglandins affect the sensation of pain?
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Study Notes
IMMUNODEFICIENCY
- Causes of insufficient immune response include inappropriate nutrition, lack of exercise, deficiency of sleep, stress (physical and emotional), and exhaustion.
- Causes of secondary immunodeficiencies include infections, malnutrition, and medical interventions like chemotherapy, surgery, antibiotics, and immunosuppression.
- Pathogen types affect B-cells, T-cells, and granulocytes with varying levels of complement involvement.
COMBINED (T AND B CELLS)
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCIDS)
- Bruton agammaglobulinemia
B-CELL ORIGIN
- Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
- Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
- X-linked agammaglobulinemia
T-CELL ORIGIN
- DiGeorge syndrome
PHAGOCYTIC DEFICIENCIES
- Reticular dysgenesis
- Congenital agranulocytosis
- Lazy leukocyte syndrome
- Chronic granulomatous disease
- Leukocyte-adhesion deficiency
- Isolated IgA deficiency
CHEMOTHERAPY
- Targets cells active in metabolism, specifically targeting cancer, blood, and epithelial cells.
HYPERSENSITIVITY
- Type I: Atopic Allergies, mediated by IgE, occurring within minutes.
- Type II: Organ-specific Autoaggression, mediated by IgG, occurring within minutes to hours, affecting specific organs.
- Type III: Immune-complex Mediated, mediated by IgG, occurring within 3-8 hours, causing complex deposition in tissues.
- Type IV: Delayed Type, mediated by T-cells and macrophages, occurring within 48-72 hours.
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
- Often unknown etiology, leading to tissue destruction through prolonged inflammation.
- Treatment includes anti-inflammatory drugs, bone marrow grafts, cyclosporins, plasmapheresis, metabolic control, and immunosuppression.
- Organ-specific hypersensitivity type II disorders include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, pernicious anemia, Addison's disease, and others.
- Non-organ-specific hypersensitivity type III disorders include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and others.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
- Starts in the synovial membrane, and leads to destruction and loss of joint function.
- Involves production of antibodies against auto-IgG, immune complex deposition in joints, collagen deposition, pannus formation, and cartilage/bone destruction.
- Typically affects hand, hip, knee, jaw, and foot joints.
- Rheumatoid nodules might form in subcutaneous areas and internal organs like the heart, blood vessels, and lungs.
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)
- Presents with multi-organ and multi-system symptoms including exacerbation and remission periods.
- Involves the production of anti-nuclear antibodies, immune complex deposition in blood vessels and organs.
- Characteristic skin rash (butterfly rash on face) inflammation of joints, muscles, pericardium, heart muscle, endocardium, and renal glomerulus.
DERMATOMYOSITIS
- Inflammation of skeletal muscles and the heart.
- Associated with skin changes.
CELIAC DISEASE
- Gluten triggers autoimmune response, causing inflammation of the small intestine.
- Symptoms may include joint pain, osteoporosis, diarrhea, steatorrhoea, and possible coexisting conditions.
LEAKY GUT SYNDROME
- Damage to tight junctions leads to inappropriate absorption of large molecules into the blood.
- Related to factors such as inflammation, hypersensitivity, autoimmune reactions, and metabolic disorders.
- It affects multiple organ systems including the gastrointestinal tract, skin, muscles and joints.
INFLAMMATION
- Universal response of the organism to harmful stimuli.
- Local event linked to generalized mechanisms.
- Reaction course influenced by the inflamed tissue type and inflammatory agent.
- May lead to tissue destruction.
WATER, ELECTROLYTES, AND ACID-BASE BALANCE
- Water movement between compartments is governed by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures.
- Electrolytes movement regulated by concentration and electrical gradients.
- Imbalances in water distribution can lead to various disorders such as acidosis or alkalosis.
HYPOVOLEMIA
- ECF volume deficit
- Causes include extrarenal and renal losses, and altered regulatory mechanisms (e.g. congestive heart failure).
- Symptoms include lassitude, weakness, thirst, tachycardia, hypotension, and oliguria.
HYPERVOLEMIA
- ECF volume excess
- Causative factors include renal failure, Cushing's syndrome, corticosteroid therapy, and rapid IV saline infusion.
- Clinical signs are jugular venous distension, edema, and elevated CVP.
HYPONATREMIA
- Sodium level below 135 mEq/L due to water retention or sodium loss.
- Leads to water movement into cells, potentially causing brain swelling.
- Symptoms range from mild symptoms (anorexia, muscle cramps) to severe symptoms (seizures, coma).
HYPERNATREMIA
- Sodium level above 145 mEq/L due to excessive water loss or insufficient water intake, causing water shift from intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid and cell shrinkage.
HYPOKALEMIA
- Potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L due to loss of potassium from the body (vomiting, diarrhea) or increased renal loss.
- Symptoms range from mild symptoms such as lethargy to severe symptoms such as cardiac arrhythmias.
HYPERKALEMIA
- Potassium level above 5.5 mEq/L due to decreased renal excretion or cellular release of potassium.
- Symptoms range from mild symptoms to severe symptoms such as muscle weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias and cardiac arrest.
APOPTOSIS
- Programmed cell death, a physiological process.
- Initiation and execution phases.
- Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
NECROSIS
- Accidental cell death, a pathological process.
- Involves cell swelling, leakage of cellular content, and inflammation.
NEOPLASM
- Characterized by changes in DNA repair mechanism, increased proliferation, and reduced susceptibility to apoptosis.
- Driven by oncogenic agents and genetic and/or epigenetic factors.
- Immune system plays a surveillance role in identifying and eliminating tumor cells
FLOW CYTOMETRY
- Method for assessing cell populations using fluorescent dyes.
- Useful for detecting apoptosis, cell cycles, and other cellular properties.
ISCHIMIC HEART DISEASE
- Disruption of blood supply to heart muscles can cause angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (MI).
- Risk factors include smoking, age, high LDL, high blood pressure.
HYPERTENSION
- Elevated blood pressure, classified by causes (primary, essential, or secondary).
- High blood pressure can lead to myocardial infarction and stroke.
DISORDERS OF PROTEINS METABOLISM
- Celiac disease: chronic gluten intolerance leading to small intestinal inflammation.
- Phenylketonuria (PKU): Amino acid metabolic disorder resulting in elevated phenylalanine levels.
- Tyrosinemia: Defects in tyrosine metabolism leading to various clinical presentations.
- Albinism: Lack of melanin leading to decreased pigmentation in skin, hair, and eyes.
- Alkaptonuria: Disorder in aromatic amino acid metabolism, causing black-brown pigment accumulation in body tissues.
DISORDERS OF HEMATOPOIESIS
- Sickle cell anemia: genetic blood disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin.
- Pernicious anemia: lack of intrinsic factor leading to B12 deficiency-related anemia.
- Megaloblastic anemia: caused by B12 or folate deficiency, characterized by large, abnormal red blood cells.
- Aplastic anemia: bone marrow failure leading to low blood cell count.
- Thalassemia: group of inherited disorders affecting hemoglobin production.
DISORDERS OF GIT
- Peptic ulcer disease: breach in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by H. pylori infection or NSAIDs.
- Diarrhea: common symptom with many potential causes, including infections, toxins, or medications.
- Bowel obstruction: blockage of passage of contents, caused by tumors, gallstones, or other factors.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in immunology, including T cell activation, inflammatory responses, and acute-phase proteins. This quiz will challenge your understanding of MHC molecules and their role in lymphocyte activation. Dive into the details of factors affecting vascular permeability and carcinogenic agents.
