Immunology Quiz on Cellular and Humoral Immunity

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of cell-mediated immunity?

It relies solely on antibodies.

It is strictly a soluble factor response.

It functions without any cellular involvement.

It involves specific immune cells that combat infections. (correct)

What are leukocytes primarily responsible for in the immune response?

Transporting oxygen throughout the body.

Producing soluble factors.

Acting as a physical barrier against invaders.

Fighting infections and responding to pathogens. (correct)

What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?

They primarily transport lymph fluid.

They provide specificity for pathogens. (correct)

They function exclusively in tissue repair.

They act as a source of energy for immune cells.

How do cellular and humoral immunity interact?

They communicate through cytokines. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes humoral immunity?

It relies on circulating antibodies to combat pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the activation of leukocytes to produce antibodies?

The presence of antigens and cytokines. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune response?

To act as signaling molecules that facilitate communication between immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

Where are leukocytes predominantly found in the body?

In tissues and lymphoid organs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of lymphocytes regarding their receptors?

Each lymphocyte has a single type of receptor for a specific antigen. Signup and view all the answers

What role do memory cells play in the adaptive immune response?

They proliferate to fight pathogens upon subsequent encounters. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct statement about B lymphocytes?

B lymphocytes produce antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the specificity of adaptive immune cells?

Each adaptive immune cell has a specific receptor for a unique pathogen structure. Signup and view all the answers

How is task division evident among lymphocytes?

Different lymphocytes have distinct functions and roles. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following populations are included in adaptive immune cells?

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the adaptive immune response in vertebrates compared to invertebrates?

Adaptive memory formation only occurs in vertebrates. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a feature of adaptive immune cells?

Production of general antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neutrophils in sentinel activity?

To monitor internal biological processes due to their abundance in blood Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the process of phagocytosis in neutrophils?

Interaction with the C3b component of the complement system Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'opsonize' refer to in the context of neutrophil function?

To mark pathogens for easier identification by immune cells Signup and view all the answers

How do neutrophils dispose of degraded material from phagocytosed pathogens?

Through exocytosis, releasing it back into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Spiderman effect' related to neutrophils?

The ability to produce a net of DNA to trap bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which component dramatically increases the rate of phagocytosis in neutrophils?

C3b from the complement system Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the formation of a phagosome in neutrophils?

The pathogen is engulfed and enclosed by the membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of the neutrophil's ability to extravasate?

Rapid deployment to infection sites Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?

Destroying helminths Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates macrophages from other white blood cells?

They possess a V-shaped nucleus Signup and view all the answers

How long do eosinophils typically survive outside the circulation?

6-12 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of macrophage based on its location?

Hematopoietic stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a major role of monocytes in the immune response?

Antigen presentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespans of macrophages compared to eosinophils?

Macrophages live longer than eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the large size of macrophages in tissues?

Richness in internal organelles Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for the destruction of intruders through degranulation?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune response?

To perform professional phagocytosis and kill microbes Signup and view all the answers

Which function do macrophages NOT perform?

Regulate blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

How do macrophages contribute to tissue repair?

By producing cytokines and enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that differentiates dendritic cells from macrophages?

Irregular membrane with dendrites Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT involved in the macrophage's ability to trap bacteria?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are considered antigen-presenting cells?

Both macrophages and dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages can produce which of the following that is toxic to bacteria?

Reactive oxygen species Signup and view all the answers

Which feature allows macrophages to clear debris such as dead cells?

Professional phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of NK cells in antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

To degranulate and kill infected cells Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is specifically associated with NK cells for recognizing antibodies?

CD16 Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes activating receptors from inhibitory receptors in NK cells?

The signaling motifs they possess Signup and view all the answers

How do NK cells kill target cells when MHC class I is expressed?

Through activation mediated by antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which motif is associated with activating receptors in NK cells?

ITAM Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ITIM motifs in inhibitory receptors?

To bind phosphatases when phosphorylated Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for secreting cytokines?

Leucocytes Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ADCC, how do antibodies function in relation to NK cells?

By binding to infected cells and signaling NK cells to destroy them Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immunology Esonero I

Immunology's origins: Emil von Behring won the Nobel Prize in the early 1900s for isolating antitoxins (antibodies against toxins).
Early discoveries: Later discoveries included the complement system, blood groups, and mechanisms of tolerance.
Immune system regulation: James Allison and Tasuku Honjo's work on negative regulators paved the way for cancer treatment using antibodies targeting these molecules for cancer treatment.
Immunity definition Immunity, from the latin immunitas, meaning "to be exempt from" was understood in the 16th century. People who survived a plague outbreak were often able to avoid subsequent infections.
1796 pivotal moment: Edward Jenner developed a smallpox vaccine, which is considered the birth of immunology. His approach was rooted in observation of a similar disease in cattle, and demonstrated that immunity was learned and could be induced.
Microbes and disease: Robert Koch's theory confirmed microbes as the cause of diseases. Modern understanding recognizes the importance of genetics and DNA mutations in disease development.
Types of pathogens: Extracellular pathogens proliferate in bodily fluids before entering the bloodstream; intracellular pathogens need to enter cells to proliferate and usually do not survive outside cells.
Pathogen damage: Exotoxins released by bacteria or endotoxins can damage cells or trigger systemic inflammation (e.g., Sepsis, Meningitis, Pneumonia). Viruses often directly kill the cells after infecting them, promoting the spread of the infection. Immune reactions themselves can sometimes cause chronic inflammation, even when the bacteria or virus are gone.
Protection from microbes: The human body maintains a constant temperature, plentiful resources, and a high population density, creating ideal conditions for microbes to spread. The immune system functions to maintain the body's homeostasis and health amidst this microbial presence.
Two main immune response types: Initially, scientists believed immune response was mostly cell-mediated or based on soluble factors (humoral immunity). Now we know both work together.
Innate immune response:
- Anatomical barriers: Skin and mucosae act as the first line of defense.
- Pathogen recognition: Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize "non-self" molecules (PAMPs or DAMPs) , signaling other immune cells.
- Inflammation: localized response to infection, with the goal of getting the immune cells to the site of the infection.
- Phagocytosis: a way innate cells destroy invaders.
- Cellular components: Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells are key innate immune cells.
Adaptive immune response:
- Specificity: Adaptive immune cells are specific to individual antigens.
- Memory: Responses are stronger and faster with subsequent exposure to a pathogen.
- Lymphocytes: B lymphocytes produce antibodies; T lymphocytes are cytotoxic or help other cells.
- Antigen presentation: APC (B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells) present antigens to lymphocytes to initiate the response.
Memory and clonal selection: The immune system can keep a record of pathogen encounters for future defense, enhancing quicker and more robust responses.
Immune response phases: A three phase process of dealing with pathogens.
- First (body barriers),
- Second( innate immune response).
- Third ( adaptive immune response).
General features: Lymphocytes are characterized by specificity, diversity, memory, and tolerance.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key concepts in immunology with this quiz focused on cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Explore the roles of leukocytes, antibodies, and cytokines in the immune response. Perfect for students studying biology or healthcare-related fields.