Immunoglobulins and Hypersensitivity

A patient experiences a severe allergic reaction after a bee sting. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is most likely responsible for this immediate response?

Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in protecting mucous membranes?

In a Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, what is the primary mechanism of tissue damage?

Why does a Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction take 24-72 hours to manifest?

Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions involves the activation of the complement system leading to cell damage?

A patient with a spinal cord injury at the T5 level presents with hypotension and bradycardia. Which type of shock is the MOST likely cause?

Which of the following mechanisms is the PRIMARY cause of decreased blood pressure in anaphylactic shock?

A patient with a severe infection develops septic shock. The patient's blood pressure is decreasing. Which of the following best explains why this might be happening?

A patient experiencing a large blood loss is at risk of hypovolemic shock. Which compensatory mechanism would be LEAST effective in maintaining blood pressure?

A patient presents with hypotension, increased heart rate, and increased respiratory rate. Further examination reveals a tension pneumothorax. Which type of shock is the patient MOST likely experiencing?

A patient presents with muscle weakness and EKG changes showing flattened T waves. Which of the following electrolyte imbalances is MOST likely the cause?

Which of the following conditions would MOST likely result in a shift of $K^+$ from the intracellular fluid (ICF) to the extracellular fluid (ECF), potentially leading to hyperkalemia?

Impaired kidney function can lead to hyperkalemia due to which of the following mechanisms?

A patient's lab results show tall, peaked T waves on their ECG. Which electrolyte imbalance is MOST likely indicated by this finding?

Which of the factors below contributes to hypomagnesemia by inhibiting magnesium absorption in the GI tract?

A patient with heart failure is admitted with euvolemic hyponatremia. Which of the following mechanisms BEST explains the development of hyponatremia in this patient?

A patient is admitted with hypernatremia and clinical signs of dehydration. Which of the following physiological responses would the body INITIALLY employ to compensate for this imbalance?

A patient presents with confusion, lethargy, and muscle twitching. Lab results reveal a serum sodium level of 118 mEq/L. Which of the following mechanisms is MOST directly responsible for the neurological symptoms observed in this patient?

A patient with a history of diabetes insipidus is admitted with a serum sodium level of 155 mEq/L. Which mechanism is MOST likely contributing to the patient's hypernatremia?

A patient is receiving a continuous infusion of 3% hypertonic saline to treat severe symptomatic hyponatremia. Which of the following BEST describes the expected fluid shift resulting from this treatment?

Which of the subsequent processes exemplifies the complement system's role in aiding the first line of defense?

During hypovolemic shock, the body initiates several compensatory mechanisms. Which of the following is a counterproductive response that exacerbates the condition if hypoperfusion continues?

A patient in shock exhibits an increased cardiac preload. What negative consequence can arise from this condition?

If the body's compensatory mechanisms for shock fail, leading to hypoxia and hypercapnia, what is the MOST likely subsequent central nervous system (CNS) response?

During the initial compensation stage for decreased oxygen levels ($\text{O}_2$), the body responds by hyperventilating. What is the primary purpose of this action?

IgG

IgA

IgM

Type 1 Hypersensitivity

Type 4 Hypersensitivity

Shock (General)

Anaphylactic Shock

Neurogenic Shock

Septic Shock

Cardiogenic Shock

Hypokalemia

Hyperkalemia

Metabolic Acidosis and Potassium

Cellular Injury and Potassium

Hypomagnesemia

Hyponatremia Definition

Hypovolemic Hyponatremia

Euvolemic Hyponatremia

Hypervolemic Hyponatremia

Hypernatremia Definition

Complement System

Complement System Actions

ICF to ECF Shift Effects

Compensation for Decreased $O_2$

Uncompensated Hypoxia/Hypercapnia