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What is the primary function of human physiology?
What is the primary function of human physiology?
Which component represents the largest portion of total body water in young adult males?
Which component represents the largest portion of total body water in young adult males?
What percentage of the human body is composed of organic solids?
What percentage of the human body is composed of organic solids?
Which of the following body systems is responsible for hormone production?
Which of the following body systems is responsible for hormone production?
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What is the approximate total body water volume in a 70 kg young adult male?
What is the approximate total body water volume in a 70 kg young adult male?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of extracellular fluid?
Which of the following is NOT a component of extracellular fluid?
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Which bodily component makes up about 1/4 of the extracellular fluid volume?
Which bodily component makes up about 1/4 of the extracellular fluid volume?
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What role does the heart play in the human body organization?
What role does the heart play in the human body organization?
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What is the primary structure of the plasma membrane?
What is the primary structure of the plasma membrane?
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Which type of protein is involved in actively transporting substances across the membrane?
Which type of protein is involved in actively transporting substances across the membrane?
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What role do glycoproteins play in the cell membrane?
What role do glycoproteins play in the cell membrane?
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Which type of transport does the Na+-K+ pump utilize?
Which type of transport does the Na+-K+ pump utilize?
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Which type of channel protein remains open at all times?
Which type of channel protein remains open at all times?
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What is a primary function of receptor proteins in the cell membrane?
What is a primary function of receptor proteins in the cell membrane?
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What defines a symport carrier in the cell membrane?
What defines a symport carrier in the cell membrane?
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Which statement accurately describes peripheral proteins?
Which statement accurately describes peripheral proteins?
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What type of channels open or close in response to mechanical stretch or pressure?
What type of channels open or close in response to mechanical stretch or pressure?
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Which of the following statements about diffusion is correct?
Which of the following statements about diffusion is correct?
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Which statement accurately describes ligand gated channels?
Which statement accurately describes ligand gated channels?
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What is the main characteristic of passive transport across a cell membrane?
What is the main characteristic of passive transport across a cell membrane?
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Which molecule is described as the only hydrophilic lipophobic substance that can diffuse through the cell membrane?
Which molecule is described as the only hydrophilic lipophobic substance that can diffuse through the cell membrane?
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What factor against which diffusion rate is inversely proportional?
What factor against which diffusion rate is inversely proportional?
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How does molecular charge influence diffusion through channels?
How does molecular charge influence diffusion through channels?
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Which statement is true regarding water-soluble substances' diffusion through membrane channels?
Which statement is true regarding water-soluble substances' diffusion through membrane channels?
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What is the osmotic pressure defined as?
What is the osmotic pressure defined as?
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What is the normal plasma osmolarity approximately equal to?
What is the normal plasma osmolarity approximately equal to?
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Which of the following factors does NOT affect plasma osmolarity?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect plasma osmolarity?
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What is the tonicity of a solution that has a higher osmolarity than plasma?
What is the tonicity of a solution that has a higher osmolarity than plasma?
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Which solution is isotonic and typically allowed for intravenous administration?
Which solution is isotonic and typically allowed for intravenous administration?
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What process involves forcing a fluid through a semipermeable membrane by creating a pressure difference?
What process involves forcing a fluid through a semipermeable membrane by creating a pressure difference?
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How is plasma osmolarity calculated using sodium concentration?
How is plasma osmolarity calculated using sodium concentration?
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What happens to cells when they are exposed to a hypotonic solution?
What happens to cells when they are exposed to a hypotonic solution?
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What phenomenon describes the jumping of depolarization from node to node in myelinated nerve fibers?
What phenomenon describes the jumping of depolarization from node to node in myelinated nerve fibers?
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What is the effect of an adequate stimulus applied to a non-myelinated nerve fiber?
What is the effect of an adequate stimulus applied to a non-myelinated nerve fiber?
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How does conduction occur in the direction from the dendrites to the axon terminal in a normal physiological process?
How does conduction occur in the direction from the dendrites to the axon terminal in a normal physiological process?
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What happens when the depolarization at new sites along a non-myelinated fiber is of sufficient magnitude?
What happens when the depolarization at new sites along a non-myelinated fiber is of sufficient magnitude?
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What characterizes antidromic conduction in nerve impulses?
What characterizes antidromic conduction in nerve impulses?
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What is the term for the minimal intensity of a current that can stimulate a response?
What is the term for the minimal intensity of a current that can stimulate a response?
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How does a suddenly applied stimulus compare to a gradually increased stimulus in terms of effectiveness?
How does a suddenly applied stimulus compare to a gradually increased stimulus in terms of effectiveness?
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What is utilized to compare the excitability of different tissues?
What is utilized to compare the excitability of different tissues?
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What occurs if the duration of application is less than the Minimal Duration?
What occurs if the duration of application is less than the Minimal Duration?
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Which of the following statements about the Strength-Duration (SD) Curve is true?
Which of the following statements about the Strength-Duration (SD) Curve is true?
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In diathermy, what is the effect of applying high voltage alternating currents for very short periods?
In diathermy, what is the effect of applying high voltage alternating currents for very short periods?
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What do microelectrodes primarily consist of?
What do microelectrodes primarily consist of?
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What is the effect of a stimulus if the strength is more than the threshold but applied for insufficient time?
What is the effect of a stimulus if the strength is more than the threshold but applied for insufficient time?
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Study Notes
Human Physiology - Body Fluid Compartments
- Physiology is the science of function in living organisms.
- The human body is composed of cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
- The human body is approximately 60% water in young adult males.
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) constitutes about 2/3 of the total body water (~28L).
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) constitutes about 1/3 of the total body water (~14L) and contains subdivisions like blood plasma and interstitial fluid.
- Interstitial fluid is the fluid between cells.
- Transcellular fluid is found in spaces lined by epithelial cells (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid).
- Plasma is about 1/4 of ECF, and extravascular fluid is the remaining 3/4 of ECF.
Human Body Organization
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in the body.
- Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.
- Organs are structures composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function.
- Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to perform a complex function.
- These systems work together to keep the body alive.
Examples of Body Systems
- Cardiovascular
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Digestive
- Endocrine
- Nervous
- Reproductive
- Musculoskeletal
Functions of Body Water
- Medium for chemical and enzymatic reactions.
- Medium for physical processes like diffusion and filtration.
- Regulation of body temperature.
- Lubricant in joints and potential spaces.
- Refractive medium in the eye.
- Mechanical buffer in cerebrospinal fluid.
- Medium for gas exchange in lungs and tissues.
Cell Membrane Structure and Function
- The cell membrane is the outer boundary of a cell.
- It is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass through and preventing others.
- It is very thin (75 angstroms) and composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
- Phospholipids form a bilayer.
- Proteins determine specific functions of the membrane (channels, carriers, pumps, receptors, etc.).
- Carbohydrates on the surface form the glycocalyx.
Transport Mechanisms through Cell Membrane
- Passive Transport (no energy required): diffusion (movement of molecules from high to low concentration), osmosis (diffusion of water), facilitated diffusion (movement of molecules with the aid of membrane proteins).
- Active Transport (requires energy): primary active transport (uses ATP directly), secondary active transport (uses an electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport).
Filtration
- It's the forcing of a fluid through a semipermeable membrane due to a pressure difference.
- It's a passive process.
- Important for urine formation and tissue fluid formation.
Bulk Transport
- Large molecules can enter or leave cells through vesicular transport (endocytosis, exocytosis).
- Different types of endocytosis include phagocytosis (cell-eating) and pinocytosis (cell-drinking).
Nerve Cell (Neuron)
- The fundamental units of the nervous system.
- Each neuron is composed of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
- The cell body contains the nucleus, and dendrites conduct signals toward the cell body.
- The axon extends away from the cell body to conduct signals to other cells.
Excitability
- The ability of a nerve cell to respond to a stimulus.
- Important characteristic for nerve cells.
Nerve Impulse Conduction
- In myelinated fibers, the impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier (saltatory conduction), which is faster than conduction in non-myelinated fibres.
- Nerve impulses transmit information throughout the body.
Action Potential (AP)
- A rapid reversal of membrane potential.
- Involves depolarisation then repolarization with a hyperpolarisation period that follows
- Determined by the movement of ions across the cell membrane (Na+, K+, etc).
Membrane Potential
- The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell membrane.
- The resting membrane potential (RMP) is the potential difference when the cell is not stimulated or responding to a signal
- Ions moving across the membrane determine resting potential.
Factors Affecting Nerve Excitability
- Temperature, pH, ion concentration differences, and chemicals.
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Description
This quiz explores the anatomy and organization of body fluid compartments in human physiology. It covers the types of body fluids, their distribution, and the basic structural units of the body. Great for students studying human anatomy and physiology.
