65 Questions
What percentage of H2O from urine can be reabsorbed by osmosis?
75%
In which part of the collecting duct are urea reabsorption and high ion concentration maintained?
Lower regions
How many nephrons typically merge to form a medullary pyramid?
2500
Which hormone stimulates Na+/K+-ATPase and increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion?
Aldosterone
What is the effect of angiotensin II on efferent arterioles?
Constriction
What is the function of natriuretic peptides produced by cardiac cells?
Promote Na+ secretion
What is the function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
Increases H2O permeability of DCT and collecting tubules
What is the shape of the bladder when it is full?
Pear-shaped
What is the approximate weight of each human kidney?
130-150 g
How much urine does the average human produce in 24 hours?
1.5 litres (800ml – 2.2L)
What is the main function of the renal system?
Production, carriage, and storage of urine
What is the purpose of renal tubular reabsorption?
To reabsorb useful substances into the blood
What is the effect of increased sweating and respiration on renal excretion of fluid?
It decreases urine production
What is the role of the glomerular filtration rate?
To filter waste and excess fluids from the blood
What is the purpose of the endocrine control of renal function?
To produce hormones
What is the shape of the human kidney?
Bean-shaped
What is the approximate volume of urine in the bladder when the urge to urinate occurs in healthy people?
200-300 mL
What type of muscle makes up the internal urethral sphincter?
Smooth muscle
What is the function of the muscular layer in the ureter?
To propel urine into the bladder
What is the name of the region in the bladder that outlines the opening of the urethra and ureters?
Trigone
What is the type of epithelium that makes up the mucosa of the ureter?
Transitional epithelium
How many times do most people urinate in 24 hours?
6-7 times
What is the function of the detrusor muscle in the bladder?
To propel urine into the urethra
What is the primary function of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
To generate a high solute concentration in the medulla
What type of cells are present in the macula densa and what is their function?
Distal tubule cells that act as chemoreceptors and osmoreceptors
What is the name of the fibrous layer that surrounds the ureter and bladder?
Adventitia
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
To produce renin and act as mechanoreceptors
What is the result of the movement of water from the descending limb to the interstitial fluid?
A dilute, hypotonic urine and a hypertonic interstitial fluid
What is the primary function of the descending limb of the loop of Henle?
To allow for the passage of water from the descending limb to the interstitial fluid
What is the result of the active transport of NaCl out of the ascending limb?
An increase in solute concentration in the medulla
What is the function of the osmotic pressure gradient in the medulla?
To maintain the solute concentration gradient necessary for the concentration of urine
What is the relationship between the juxtaglomerular apparatus and the glomerulus?
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located near the afferent arteriole, which 'feeds' the glomerulus
What is the primary reason oral healthcare practitioners need to understand renal disease processes?
To provide dental treatment for patients of all ages with renal disease
What is a common oral health issue in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Periodontitis
Why are the consequences of poor oral health more severe in CKD patients?
All of the above
What is the effect of uremic patients' oral health issues on their overall health?
It increases their risk for systemic consequences such as inflammation and infections
What is the relationship between kidney disease and oral health?
There is a bidirectional relationship between kidney disease and oral health
What is the impact of poor oral health on patients with chronic kidney disease?
It increases their risk for morbidity and mortality
Why do uremic patients have higher rates of decayed, missing, and filled teeth?
Because of their underlying kidney disease and related comorbidities
What is the importance of understanding the normal structure and function of the urinary system for oral healthcare practitioners?
It is important for understanding the bidirectional relationship between kidney disease and oral health
What is the function of glomerular podocytes in the nephron?
To facilitate the formation of an ultrafiltrate
What is the unit of measurement for glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
mL/min/1.73m²
What is the net filtration pressure in the glomerulus?
10 mmHg
What is the significance of the value of Kf in the glomerulus?
It represents the permeability of the capillary
What is the result of a reduced permeability of the glomerular capillary?
Decreased glomerular filtration rate
What is the primary function of the detrusor muscle in the bladder?
To facilitate urination by contraction and relaxation
What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the ureter?
-transitional epithelium
What is the function of the internal urethral sphincter?
To prevent leakage of urine between voidings
What is the approximate volume of urine in the bladder when the urge to urinate occurs in healthy people?
250-300 mL or half-full
What is the name of the fibrous layer that surrounds the ureter and bladder?
Adventitia
What is the primary function of aldosterone in the cortical collecting tubules?
Stimulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion
Which hormone promotes Na+ retention and stimulates aldosterone?
Angiotensin II
What is the primary function of the muscular layer in the ureter?
To facilitate peristaltic waves
What is the effect of PTH on Ca2+ metabolism?
Increases Ca2+ reabsorption
What is the function of the inner mucosa in the ureter?
To provide a barrier against infection
What is the primary function of the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) in the nephron?
Fine tuning of tubular reabsorption
Which hormone promotes the excretion of sodium ions in the DCT?
Atrial natriuretic peptide
What is the effect of aldosterone on sodium reabsorption in the DCT?
Increases sodium reabsorption
What is the characteristic of the collecting duct that allows it to play a role in acid-base balance?
Ability to acidify the urine
What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the collecting duct?
Increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water
What is the primary reason for the increased morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to oral health issues?
The systemic consequences of periodontitis and other oral and dental pathologic conditions
What is the commonality between CKD patients and the general population in terms of oral health?
Similar oral health habits and practices
What is the critical aspect of renal disease processes that oral healthcare practitioners need to understand?
The normal structure and function of the urinary system
What is the significance of advanced age, comorbidities, and concurrent medications in CKD patients?
They increase the risk of systemic consequences of periodontitis
What is the relationship between kidney disease and oral health in terms of disease progression?
There is a bidirectional relationship between kidney disease and oral health issues
Learn about the key structural and functional aspects of the human kidney, including glomerular filtration, renal tubular resorption, and glomerular filtration rate. Understand the foundations of renal physiology and its relation to dentistry.
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