Human Kidney Structure and Function
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of H2O from urine can be reabsorbed by osmosis?

  • 60%
  • 50%
  • 90%
  • 75% (correct)

    • In which part of the collecting duct are urea reabsorption and high ion concentration maintained?

  • Lower regions (correct)
  • Upper regions
  • Medullary pyramids
  • Cortical collecting tubules

    • How many nephrons typically merge to form a medullary pyramid?

  • 5-10
  • 2500 (correct)
  • 10-20
  • 5000

    • Which hormone stimulates Na+/K+-ATPase and increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on efferent arterioles?

    <p>Constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of natriuretic peptides produced by cardiac cells?

    <p>Promote Na+ secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Increases H2O permeability of DCT and collecting tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the bladder when it is full?

    <p>Pear-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate weight of each human kidney?

    <p>130-150 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much urine does the average human produce in 24 hours?

    <p>1.5 litres (800ml – 2.2L)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the renal system?

    <p>Production, carriage, and storage of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of renal tubular reabsorption?

    <p>To reabsorb useful substances into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased sweating and respiration on renal excretion of fluid?

    <p>It decreases urine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the glomerular filtration rate?

    <p>To filter waste and excess fluids from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the endocrine control of renal function?

    <p>To produce hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the human kidney?

    <p>Bean-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate volume of urine in the bladder when the urge to urinate occurs in healthy people?

    <p>200-300 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle makes up the internal urethral sphincter?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the muscular layer in the ureter?

    <p>To propel urine into the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the region in the bladder that outlines the opening of the urethra and ureters?

    <p>Trigone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of epithelium that makes up the mucosa of the ureter?

    <p>Transitional epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times do most people urinate in 24 hours?

    <p>6-7 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the detrusor muscle in the bladder?

    <p>To propel urine into the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

    <p>To generate a high solute concentration in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are present in the macula densa and what is their function?

    <p>Distal tubule cells that act as chemoreceptors and osmoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fibrous layer that surrounds the ureter and bladder?

    <p>Adventitia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the juxtaglomerular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

    <p>To produce renin and act as mechanoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the movement of water from the descending limb to the interstitial fluid?

    <p>A dilute, hypotonic urine and a hypertonic interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

    <p>To allow for the passage of water from the descending limb to the interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the active transport of NaCl out of the ascending limb?

    <p>An increase in solute concentration in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the osmotic pressure gradient in the medulla?

    <p>To maintain the solute concentration gradient necessary for the concentration of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the juxtaglomerular apparatus and the glomerulus?

    <p>The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located near the afferent arteriole, which 'feeds' the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason oral healthcare practitioners need to understand renal disease processes?

    <p>To provide dental treatment for patients of all ages with renal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common oral health issue in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

    <p>Periodontitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the consequences of poor oral health more severe in CKD patients?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of uremic patients' oral health issues on their overall health?

    <p>It increases their risk for systemic consequences such as inflammation and infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between kidney disease and oral health?

    <p>There is a bidirectional relationship between kidney disease and oral health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of poor oral health on patients with chronic kidney disease?

    <p>It increases their risk for morbidity and mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do uremic patients have higher rates of decayed, missing, and filled teeth?

    <p>Because of their underlying kidney disease and related comorbidities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of understanding the normal structure and function of the urinary system for oral healthcare practitioners?

    <p>It is important for understanding the bidirectional relationship between kidney disease and oral health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glomerular podocytes in the nephron?

    <p>To facilitate the formation of an ultrafiltrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>mL/min/1.73m²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net filtration pressure in the glomerulus?

    <p>10 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the value of Kf in the glomerulus?

    <p>It represents the permeability of the capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a reduced permeability of the glomerular capillary?

    <p>Decreased glomerular filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the detrusor muscle in the bladder?

    <p>To facilitate urination by contraction and relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the ureter?

    <p>-transitional epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the internal urethral sphincter?

    <p>To prevent leakage of urine between voidings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate volume of urine in the bladder when the urge to urinate occurs in healthy people?

    <p>250-300 mL or half-full</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fibrous layer that surrounds the ureter and bladder?

    <p>Adventitia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aldosterone in the cortical collecting tubules?

    <p>Stimulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes Na+ retention and stimulates aldosterone?

    <p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the muscular layer in the ureter?

    <p>To facilitate peristaltic waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of PTH on Ca2+ metabolism?

    <p>Increases Ca2+ reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the inner mucosa in the ureter?

    <p>To provide a barrier against infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) in the nephron?

    <p>Fine tuning of tubular reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes the excretion of sodium ions in the DCT?

    <p>Atrial natriuretic peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aldosterone on sodium reabsorption in the DCT?

    <p>Increases sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the collecting duct that allows it to play a role in acid-base balance?

    <p>Ability to acidify the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the collecting duct?

    <p>Increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the increased morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to oral health issues?

    <p>The systemic consequences of periodontitis and other oral and dental pathologic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the commonality between CKD patients and the general population in terms of oral health?

    <p>Similar oral health habits and practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical aspect of renal disease processes that oral healthcare practitioners need to understand?

    <p>The normal structure and function of the urinary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of advanced age, comorbidities, and concurrent medications in CKD patients?

    <p>They increase the risk of systemic consequences of periodontitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between kidney disease and oral health in terms of disease progression?

    <p>There is a bidirectional relationship between kidney disease and oral health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

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