Human Kidney Structure and Function
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Questions and Answers

Where are the kidneys located in the body?

  • Inside the peritoneum
  • Behind the peritoneum (correct)
  • Outside the peritoneum
  • In front of the peritoneum

    • Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left kidney?

  • To accommodate the stomach
  • To accommodate the liver (correct)
  • To accommodate the pancreas
  • To accommodate the spleen

    • What is the primary function of nephrons?

  • Producing hormones
  • Regulating the concentration of water and other substances in the body (correct)
  • Filtering blood
  • Maintaining acid-base balance

    • What is the process by which the kidneys regulate blood pressure?

    <p>Through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism and by regulating extracellular fluid volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of erythropoietin secreted by the kidneys?

    <p>Producing red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the kidneys help maintain a normal blood glucose level?

    <p>By using glutamine in gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the kidneys regulate acid-base balance?

    <p>By excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the urinary system's function?

    <p>Absorption of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kidney Structure and Function

    • Nephrons, tiny structures in renal pyramids, filter gallons of blood daily.
    • Kidneys are retroperitoneal organs, located behind the peritoneum.
    • The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney to accommodate the liver.

    Urine Formation

    • The 3 main steps of urine formation are: glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
    • The glomerulus is a network of capillaries surrounded by the glomerular capsule (or Bowman's capsule).

    Urine Composition

    • Nitrogenous wastes excreted in urine include urea, creatinine, ammonia, and uric acid.

    Urination Process

    • The internal sphincter is involuntary and surrounds the opening of the bladder to the urethra, relaxing to allow urine to pass.
    • The external sphincter is voluntary and surrounds the urethra outside the bladder, requiring relaxation for urination to occur.

    Functions of the Urinary System

    Regulation of Blood Pressure

    • Kidneys regulate blood pressure by controlling extracellular fluid volume and through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.

    Hormones Secreted by Kidneys

    • Erythropoietin
    • Thrombopoietin
    • Renin
    • 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)
    • Prostaglandins

    Regulation of Blood Glucose Level

    • Kidneys use glutamine in gluconeogenesis, synthesizing new glucose molecules and releasing them into the blood to maintain a normal blood glucose level.

    Maintenance of Acid-Base Balance

    • Kidneys regulate acid-base balance along with the respiratory system, keeping blood pH at around 7.4 by excreting H+ and reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO3-).

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    Related Documents

    Urinary System II PDF

    Description

    Learn about the structure and function of the human kidney, including nephrons, renal pyramids, and the process of urine formation.

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