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Questions and Answers
The organ that connects the blood supply to the fetus and acts like a filter, keeping out toxic or harmful substances while keeping oxygen and nutrients to pass through is called the ______.
The organ that connects the blood supply to the fetus and acts like a filter, keeping out toxic or harmful substances while keeping oxygen and nutrients to pass through is called the ______.
placenta
Any agent that harms a fetus is called a ______.
Any agent that harms a fetus is called a ______.
teratogen
The principle that suggests development occurs from the center to the extremities is referred to as the ______ principle.
The principle that suggests development occurs from the center to the extremities is referred to as the ______ principle.
proximodistal
The principle that suggests development progresses from the head to the tail is called the ______ principle.
The principle that suggests development progresses from the head to the tail is called the ______ principle.
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The relatively stable and long-lasting individual differences in mood and emotional behavior that emerge in early childhood are known as ______.
The relatively stable and long-lasting individual differences in mood and emotional behavior that emerge in early childhood are known as ______.
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The process a child uses old methods to deal with new situations is called ______.
The process a child uses old methods to deal with new situations is called ______.
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The process where a child changes old methods to adjust to new situations is called ______.
The process where a child changes old methods to adjust to new situations is called ______.
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The theory of development that describes eight developmental periods encompassing the individual development over their entire life span is called ______'s theory.
The theory of development that describes eight developmental periods encompassing the individual development over their entire life span is called ______'s theory.
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The marker in female puberty, when estrogen levels increase eightfold and the first menstrual period occurs, is called ______.
The marker in female puberty, when estrogen levels increase eightfold and the first menstrual period occurs, is called ______.
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The primary male sexual markers in boys, which include the first ejaculation and sperm production triggered by an increase in hormone levels, are caused by ______.
The primary male sexual markers in boys, which include the first ejaculation and sperm production triggered by an increase in hormone levels, are caused by ______.
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Behaviors characterized by a lack of prefrontal cortex development, leading to impulsivity and risk-taking, are called ______ behaviors.
Behaviors characterized by a lack of prefrontal cortex development, leading to impulsivity and risk-taking, are called ______ behaviors.
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The feeling of self-worth, importance, attractiveness, and social competence is called ______
The feeling of self-worth, importance, attractiveness, and social competence is called ______
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A couple that shares intimacy, commitment, and passion is described as having ______ love.
A couple that shares intimacy, commitment, and passion is described as having ______ love.
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According to Freud, threatening or anxiety-provoking thoughts hide in the unconscious and can emerge through dreams, with thoughts that emerge are dealt in a symbolic, non-threatening way. These are called ______.
According to Freud, threatening or anxiety-provoking thoughts hide in the unconscious and can emerge through dreams, with thoughts that emerge are dealt in a symbolic, non-threatening way. These are called ______.
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The conscience that tells us right from wrong and regulates appropriate behavior is called the ______.
The conscience that tells us right from wrong and regulates appropriate behavior is called the ______.
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The part of the mind that represents basic drives and desires, seeking immediate gratification, is called the ______.
The part of the mind that represents basic drives and desires, seeking immediate gratification, is called the ______.
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The rational part of the mind that mediates the id and superego, helping us to balance our desires with reality, is called the ______.
The rational part of the mind that mediates the id and superego, helping us to balance our desires with reality, is called the ______.
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Processes that operate at unconscious levels and use self-deception or untrue explanations to protect the ego from being overwhelmed with anxiety are called ______ mechanisms.
Processes that operate at unconscious levels and use self-deception or untrue explanations to protect the ego from being overwhelmed with anxiety are called ______ mechanisms.
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The self-concept, the real vs. the ideal self, and positive regard with the goal of helping people achieve are related to ______.
The self-concept, the real vs. the ideal self, and positive regard with the goal of helping people achieve are related to ______.
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Highly subjective tests of personality or psychology, such as the Rorschach test or Thematic Apperception Test, are called ______ tests.
Highly subjective tests of personality or psychology, such as the Rorschach test or Thematic Apperception Test, are called ______ tests.
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External locus of control refers to the belief that we are in control of our lives.
External locus of control refers to the belief that we are in control of our lives.
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Internal locus of control refers to believing that others are in control of our lives.
Internal locus of control refers to believing that others are in control of our lives.
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Confidence in our ability to organize and execute a course of action to accomplish a task is called ______.
Confidence in our ability to organize and execute a course of action to accomplish a task is called ______.
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A model of personality that organizes personality traits and describes differences in personality using five categories (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) is called the ______ model.
A model of personality that organizes personality traits and describes differences in personality using five categories (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) is called the ______ model.
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The theory that proposes our behavior results from an interaction between our traits and the effects of our responding cues from a particular situation is called the ______ theory.
The theory that proposes our behavior results from an interaction between our traits and the effects of our responding cues from a particular situation is called the ______ theory.
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Traits that we inherit genetically, and are often passed down from our parents, are called ______ traits.
Traits that we inherit genetically, and are often passed down from our parents, are called ______ traits.
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An anxious or threatening feeling that arises when our resources are overwhelmed, is called ______.
An anxious or threatening feeling that arises when our resources are overwhelmed, is called ______.
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Painful physical symptoms, such as headaches, muscle pain, stomach issues, and increased susceptibility to colds and flus, that are caused by anxiety, stress, and worry are called ______ symptoms.
Painful physical symptoms, such as headaches, muscle pain, stomach issues, and increased susceptibility to colds and flus, that are caused by anxiety, stress, and worry are called ______ symptoms.
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An unpleasant state characterized by feelings of uneasiness and apprehension, an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, is called ______ .
An unpleasant state characterized by feelings of uneasiness and apprehension, an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, is called ______ .
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A positive and desirable type of stress, known as ______, can be motivating and lead to personal growth.
A positive and desirable type of stress, known as ______, can be motivating and lead to personal growth.
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A combination of three personal strengths of control, commitment, and challenge that helps us deal with stress is called ______.
A combination of three personal strengths of control, commitment, and challenge that helps us deal with stress is called ______.
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A coping pattern that involves directly addressing a stressful situation by taking action or seeking solutions is called ______ focused coping.
A coping pattern that involves directly addressing a stressful situation by taking action or seeking solutions is called ______ focused coping.
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A coping pattern that focuses on managing the emotional response to a stressful situation, often by seeking support or seeking to avoid the situation, is called ______ focused coping.
A coping pattern that focuses on managing the emotional response to a stressful situation, often by seeking support or seeking to avoid the situation, is called ______ focused coping.
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A recurring problem that affects someone's ability to live a satisfying life or function in society is called a ______ disorder.
A recurring problem that affects someone's ability to live a satisfying life or function in society is called a ______ disorder.
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An anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear that is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the object of the fear is called a ______.
An anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear that is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the object of the fear is called a ______.
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An approach that claims behaviors are psychologically damaging or abnormal if they interfere with one's life is called the ______ behavior approach.
An approach that claims behaviors are psychologically damaging or abnormal if they interfere with one's life is called the ______ behavior approach.
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The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of a projective personality assessment.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of a projective personality assessment.
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The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is an example of a ______ personality assessment.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is an example of a ______ personality assessment.
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A disorder characterized by repetitive and persistent patterns of behavior that violates social rules and rights of others, occurring for a year or more, is called ______ disorder.
A disorder characterized by repetitive and persistent patterns of behavior that violates social rules and rights of others, occurring for a year or more, is called ______ disorder.
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A mood disorder marked by a persistent depressed mood, loss of interest in pleasurable activities, and other significant symptoms, is called ______ .
A mood disorder marked by a persistent depressed mood, loss of interest in pleasurable activities, and other significant symptoms, is called ______ .
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A mood disorder marked by alternating periods of mania and depression is called ______ disorder.
A mood disorder marked by alternating periods of mania and depression is called ______ disorder.
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A pattern of mood disorder that occurs at the same time every year, often during specific seasons, is known as a ______ pattern.
A pattern of mood disorder that occurs at the same time every year, often during specific seasons, is known as a ______ pattern.
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The theory that proposes that a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental stressors contribute to schizophrenia is called the ______ stress theory.
The theory that proposes that a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental stressors contribute to schizophrenia is called the ______ stress theory.
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Auditory or visual hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and other unusual behaviors are considered ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.
Auditory or visual hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and other unusual behaviors are considered ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Flattened affect, apathy, poverty of speech, and social withdrawal are considered ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.
Flattened affect, apathy, poverty of speech, and social withdrawal are considered ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Dissociative disorders are extremely rare.
Dissociative disorders are extremely rare.
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A supportive relationship between a therapist and client is essential in therapy.
A supportive relationship between a therapist and client is essential in therapy.
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The release of mental patients from mental hospitals and their return to the community to live fulfilling lives is called ______.
The release of mental patients from mental hospitals and their return to the community to live fulfilling lives is called ______.
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Changing the perception of mental disorders from a stigmatized perspective to a more humane and understanding one is referred to as ______ .
Changing the perception of mental disorders from a stigmatized perspective to a more humane and understanding one is referred to as ______ .
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Psychoanalysis focuses on the idea that the ______ part of our mind contains unconscious thoughts, memories, and desires.
Psychoanalysis focuses on the idea that the ______ part of our mind contains unconscious thoughts, memories, and desires.
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Unconscious thoughts, desires, and ideas that are hidden from our awareness are ______ .
Unconscious thoughts, desires, and ideas that are hidden from our awareness are ______ .
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According to Freud, ______ are the result of unconscious conflicts.
According to Freud, ______ are the result of unconscious conflicts.
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Freud believed that ______ were the development of physical symptoms.
Freud believed that ______ were the development of physical symptoms.
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Prejudice can be created by forming ______, which often lead to competition for limited resources.
Prejudice can be created by forming ______, which often lead to competition for limited resources.
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Groups compete for ______ , which often intensify prejudices between groups.
Groups compete for ______ , which often intensify prejudices between groups.
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______ groups are a research paradigm used to investigate minimal conditions needed for discrimination to occur in groups.
______ groups are a research paradigm used to investigate minimal conditions needed for discrimination to occur in groups.
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The tendency to attribute a person's behavior to their internal disposition rather than considering the influence of the situation is called the ______ error.
The tendency to attribute a person's behavior to their internal disposition rather than considering the influence of the situation is called the ______ error.
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The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help someone in need when they are part of a group rather than alone is referred to as ______ of responsibility.
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help someone in need when they are part of a group rather than alone is referred to as ______ of responsibility.
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The tendency to view members of an out-group as similar to each other, often with negative stereotypes, is called ______ .
The tendency to view members of an out-group as similar to each other, often with negative stereotypes, is called ______ .
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Study Notes
Placenta
- Filters harmful substances from the blood supply to the fetus, while allowing oxygen and nutrients to pass through.
Teratogens
- Agents that harm a fetus.
Development Principles
- Proximodistal: Development occurs from the center outwards.
- Cephalocaudal: Development progresses from head to tail.
Temperament
- Relatively stable, long-lasting mood and emotional behaviors in early childhood, influenced by genetics.
Assimilation/Accommodation
- Assimilation: Using existing methods to deal with new situations.
- Accommodation: Adjusting existing methods to adapt to new situations.
Erikson's Theory
- Eight developmental stages throughout life, focused on satisfying social needs.
Puberty Markers
- Menarche: First menstrual period in females, correlated with a significant increase in estrogen levels.
- Teserone: Sperm production in males, influenced by increased testosterone levels.
Risk-Taking Behaviors
- Associated with underdeveloped prefrontal cortex in adolescents.
Self-Esteem
- How much one values their worth, importance, attractiveness, and social abilities.
Love
- Consummate Love: Intimacy, commitment, and passion in a relationship.
Freudian Slips
- Unintentional statements revealing unconscious thoughts or desires.
Superego/Id/Ego
- Superego: The conscience, guiding ethical behavior.
- Id: The pleasure-seeking part of the mind.
- Ego: Mediates the desires of the id and the constraints of the superego, rational mind.
Defense Mechanisms
- Unconscious strategies to protect the ego from overwhelming anxiety.
Self-Actualization
- Achieving one's full potential, positive self-concept.
Projective Tests
- Subjective personality tests (e.g., Rorschach, Thematic Apperception test).
Locus of Control
- External: Believing others control one's life.
- Internal: Believing one controls their own life.
Self-Efficacy
- Confidence in one's ability to achieve goals.
Five-Factor Model of Personality
- Personality characterized by openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Person-Situation Interaction
- Behavior arises from an interaction between personality traits and situational cues.
Heritability
- Inherited traits.
Stress
- Anxious feelings when perceived demands exceed resources.
Psychosomatic Symptoms
- Physical symptoms triggered by stress or anxiety, including headaches, muscle pain, stomach issues etc,.
Anxiety
- Feeling of uneasiness and apprehension.
Eustress/Hardiness
- Eustress: Pleasant and desirable stress.
- Hardiness: Traits (control, commitment, challenge) that help cope with stress effectively.
Coping Mechanisms (Problem-focused/Emotion-focused)
- Problem-focused: Addressing the source of the stress.
- Emotion-focused: Managing the emotional response to stress.
Mental Disorders
- Persistent conditions affecting daily functioning.
Phobias
- Intense, irrational fears.
Depression
- Loss of interest in activities, persisting sadness, and decreased functioning.
Bipolar Disorder
- Characterized by shifts between depressive (low) and manic (high) mood states.
Schizophrenia
- Psychological disorder with positive (hallucinations, delusions) and negative (loss of functions) symptoms.
Nature & Nurture
- The impact of both genetics and environment on behaviour (diathesis-stress model).
Conduct Disorder
- Repetitive patterns of violating social rules and the rights of others.
Objective/Projective Tests
- Objective: Standardised tests like MMPI or Big 5.
- Projective: Subjective tests like TAT or inkblots.
Maladaptive Behaviors
- Behaviors that hinder one's life.
Unconscious
- Thoughts, feelings, and memories outside of awareness; repressed.
Repressed Thoughts
- Thoughts actively kept from conscious awareness.
Psychological Problems (e.g. Paranoia)
- Conditions that may stem from unconscious conflicts.
Groups
- Prejudice and discrimination can arise from group dynamics, competition for resources and forming groups.
Minimal Group Paradigm
- Determining the minimal conditions required for discrimination.
Fundamental Attribution Error
- Tendency to overestimate internal factors and underestimate external factors when explaining behavior.
Diffusion of Responsibility (Bystander Effect)
- Reduced likelihood of helping when others are present.
Outgroup/Homogeneous
- Outgroup: Individuals not belonging to your in-group.
- Homogenous: Assuming members of a group are similar or identical.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of human development, including the roles of the placenta, teratogens, and the principles of development. Delve into temperament and Erikson's eight stages of development, as well as puberty markers and risk-taking behaviors. Test your understanding of these essential topics.
