Psychology - Human Development Chapter 1

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Questions and Answers

Define human development.

Scientific study of age-related change throughout the lifespan.

Which of the following ideas was proposed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

Original sin, everyone tries to overcome evil

All humans are born with innate goodness (correct)

The child's mind is a blank slate

None of the above

Describe nature-nurture.

The interactionist model.

What is meant by the interactionist perspective?

Our social life consists of countless interactions which shape our personality and development. Signup and view all the answers

Define resilience and vulnerabilities, and how they relate to the interactionist perspective.

<ol> <li>Each child is born with certain vulnerabilities (allergy, physical abnormality); 2. Each child is born with protective factors (high intelligence, good physical coordination).</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Define continuity and discontinuity when applied to the study of development.

<ol> <li>Quantitative; 2. Qualitative.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What were Hall's main contributions to the study of development?

Identified 'norms' at which developmental milestones are reached at a certain age. Signup and view all the answers

What were Gesell's main contributions to the study of development?

'Maturation' Basic tests that are used to determine whether children are developing normally. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three domains of development?

<ol> <li>Physical; 2. Cognitive; 3. Social.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the scientific method.

<ol> <li>Describe; 2. Explain; 3. Predict; 4. Influence and control.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is correlation coefficient?

Reveals relationships between variables, does not reveal cause and effect. Signup and view all the answers

What is experimental research design?

Allows cause and effect statements. Signup and view all the answers

What are dependent (1) and independent (2) variables?

<ol> <li>Measure or observe; 2. Change or manipulate.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between sequential, longitudinal, and cross-sectional research designs?

<ol> <li>Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal studies; 2. People in a single group are studied at different times of their life; 3. Groups of different ages are compared.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Ethics boards have decided what the rights of study participants are; what are they?

Protection from harm, informed consent, confidentiality, knowledge of results, deception. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Development

Scientific study focusing on age-related changes throughout a person’s lifespan.

Theories of Development

Christine Doctrine: Views humans as inherently wicked; the goal is to overcome original sin.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Believes humans are born with innate goodness, promoting the idea of a natural development.
John Locke: Proposes the mind as a blank slate at birth, shaped entirely by experience.

Nature-Nurture Debate

Considers the interactionist model, highlighting the combined effects of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) on development.

Interactionist Perspective

Emphasizes the importance of social interactions in shaping personality and human development.

Resilience and Vulnerabilities

Children are born with vulnerabilities (e.g., allergies, disabilities) and protective factors (e.g., intelligence, coordination) which influence their development.

Continuity and Discontinuity

Continuity: Development is quantifiable, following a gradual divergence.
Discontinuity: Involves qualitative changes, representing distinct stages of development.

Hall's Contributions

Identified normative age milestones within child development, establishing benchmarks for growth.

Gesell's Contributions

Introduced the concept of "maturation," utilizing basic tests to assess if children meet developmental standards.

Domains of Development

Physical: Changes in body size, shape, and characteristics.
Cognitive: Developments in thinking, memory, and problem-solving skills.
Social: Variations in interpersonal relationships and social behaviors.

Scientific Method

Involves four stages:
- Describe the phenomenon.
- Explain observations.
- Predict outcomes.
- Influence and control variables.

Correlation Coefficient

A statistical measure revealing the relationship between two variables but does not imply causation.

Experimental Research Design

Facilitates the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships through controlled variables.

Variables in Research

Dependent Variable: The factor observed or measured in an experiment.
Independent Variable: The factor manipulated or changed to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Research Designs

Sequential Research: Combines elements of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies.
Longitudinal Research: Studies a single group at differing time intervals across their lifespan.
Cross-Sectional Research: Compares different age groups at the same point in time.

Ethical Considerations in Research

Rights include:
- Protection against harm.
- Informed consent from participants.
- Assurance of confidentiality.
- Knowledge of study results.
- Provisions regarding deception in the study.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Test your knowledge of human development concepts with this quiz based on Chapter 1. Explore key definitions, philosophical ideas, and the nature-nurture debate. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of the subject.