Questions and Answers
Define human development.
Scientific study of age-related change throughout the lifespan.
Which of the following ideas was proposed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
Describe nature-nurture.
The interactionist model.
What is meant by the interactionist perspective?
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Define resilience and vulnerabilities, and how they relate to the interactionist perspective.
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Define continuity and discontinuity when applied to the study of development.
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What were Hall's main contributions to the study of development?
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What were Gesell's main contributions to the study of development?
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What are the three domains of development?
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Describe the scientific method.
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What is correlation coefficient?
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What is experimental research design?
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What are dependent (1) and independent (2) variables?
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What are the differences between sequential, longitudinal, and cross-sectional research designs?
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Ethics boards have decided what the rights of study participants are; what are they?
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Study Notes
Human Development
- Scientific study focusing on age-related changes throughout a person’s lifespan.
Theories of Development
- Christine Doctrine: Views humans as inherently wicked; the goal is to overcome original sin.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Believes humans are born with innate goodness, promoting the idea of a natural development.
- John Locke: Proposes the mind as a blank slate at birth, shaped entirely by experience.
Nature-Nurture Debate
- Considers the interactionist model, highlighting the combined effects of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) on development.
Interactionist Perspective
- Emphasizes the importance of social interactions in shaping personality and human development.
Resilience and Vulnerabilities
- Children are born with vulnerabilities (e.g., allergies, disabilities) and protective factors (e.g., intelligence, coordination) which influence their development.
Continuity and Discontinuity
- Continuity: Development is quantifiable, following a gradual divergence.
- Discontinuity: Involves qualitative changes, representing distinct stages of development.
Hall's Contributions
- Identified normative age milestones within child development, establishing benchmarks for growth.
Gesell's Contributions
- Introduced the concept of "maturation," utilizing basic tests to assess if children meet developmental standards.
Domains of Development
- Physical: Changes in body size, shape, and characteristics.
- Cognitive: Developments in thinking, memory, and problem-solving skills.
- Social: Variations in interpersonal relationships and social behaviors.
Scientific Method
- Involves four stages:
- Describe the phenomenon.
- Explain observations.
- Predict outcomes.
- Influence and control variables.
Correlation Coefficient
- A statistical measure revealing the relationship between two variables but does not imply causation.
Experimental Research Design
- Facilitates the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships through controlled variables.
Variables in Research
- Dependent Variable: The factor observed or measured in an experiment.
- Independent Variable: The factor manipulated or changed to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
Research Designs
- Sequential Research: Combines elements of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies.
- Longitudinal Research: Studies a single group at differing time intervals across their lifespan.
- Cross-Sectional Research: Compares different age groups at the same point in time.
Ethical Considerations in Research
- Rights include:
- Protection against harm.
- Informed consent from participants.
- Assurance of confidentiality.
- Knowledge of study results.
- Provisions regarding deception in the study.
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Description
Test your knowledge of human development concepts with this quiz based on Chapter 1. Explore key definitions, philosophical ideas, and the nature-nurture debate. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of the subject.