Questions and Answers
What does the term 'growth' refer to?
What does maturation refer to?
Change in complexity of body structures.
Define development.
Continuous, orderly series of conditions leading to activities and patterns of behavior; increase in function and complexity.
What is learning?
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Who is Jean Piaget?
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What is assimilation?
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Define accommodation.
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What is the sensorimotor stage?
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What does 'object permanence' mean?
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What is the preoperational stage?
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Define egocentrism.
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What is magical thinking?
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What is animism?
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What is the concrete operational stage?
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Define reflective reasoning.
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What is the formal operational stage?
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Who is Sigmund Freud?
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Define the oral stage.
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What is the anal stage?
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What occurs during the phallic stage?
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Define latency stage.
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What is the genital stage?
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What is the Oedipus complex?
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Define the Electra complex.
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Who is Erik Erikson?
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Study Notes
Key Concepts of Human Development
- Growth: Refers to the increase in physical size of an organism or its parts, as well as the increase in number and size of cells.
- Maturation: Involves changes in the complexity of bodily structures over time.
- Development: A continuous and orderly progression leading to enhanced functionality and complexity, which aids in survival.
- Learning: Behavioral changes that arise from both maturation and experiential factors.
Jean Piaget's Stages of Development
- Piaget's Framework: Developmental theorist known for his study of how children learn through four distinct stages.
- Assimilation: Incorporating new experiences into existing knowledge frameworks.
- Accommodation: Adjusting prior understandings to incorporate new information, such as reclassifying trucks when realizing they don’t fit into the “car” category.
Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage: Birth to around 2 years, focusing on sensory experiences and motor actions; includes the development of object permanence.
- Preoperational Stage: 2 to 6 or 7 years, characterized by language development but lacking in logical operations; features include egocentrism, magical thinking, and animism.
- Concrete Operational Stage: 6 or 7 to 11 years; children develop logical thinking about concrete events and have an understanding of time, differentiating fact from fantasy; reflective reasoning emerges.
- Formal Operational Stage: Starts around age 12, individuals gain the ability to think logically about abstract concepts and understand hypothetical situations and future consequences.
Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
- Freud's Theories: Focuses on psychosexual stages where childhood experiences influence adult motivations.
- Oral Stage: Birth to 2 years, centered on oral stimulation as a primary pleasure source.
- Anal Stage: 1 to 3 years, involves pleasure centered around bowel and bladder control; may lead to anal-retentive or anal-expulsive personality traits.
- Phallic Stage: Ages 4 to 7, where children gain gratification from their genitals; involves Oedipus and Electra complexes.
- Latency Stage: Sexual urges are repressed; children engage in social interactions with peers of the same sex.
- Genital Stage: Begins at puberty, involving the re-emergence of childhood sexual conflicts that are resolved during adolescence.
Key Terms and Concepts
- Oedipus Complex: A boy's psychological struggles involving sexual feelings for his mother and rivalry with his father.
- Electra Complex: A girl's psychosexual competition with her mother for her father's affection during the phallic stage.
- Erik Erikson: Notably recognized for extending developmental theories, although details were not covered in the provided information.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key terminology related to human development with this flashcard quiz. Each card presents a definition for terms such as growth, maturation, and development, vital for understanding human biology and psychology. Prepare to enhance your understanding of developmental theories.