Questions and Answers
What is the definition of human development?
What is longitudinal design?
Research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time.
What is cross-sectional design?
Research design in which several different participant age groups are studied at one particular point in time.
What is cross-sequential design?
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What does nature refer to in psychology?
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What does nurture refer to in psychology?
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What is genetics?
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What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?
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What is a gene?
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What is a chromosome?
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What does dominant mean in genetics?
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What does recessive mean in genetics?
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What is an ovum?
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What is fertilization?
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What is a zygote?
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What are monozygotic twins?
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What are dizygotic twins?
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What is the germinal period?
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What is an embryo?
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What is the embryonic period?
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What are critical periods?
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What is a teratogen?
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What is the fetal period?
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What is a fetus?
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What is cognitive development?
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What is a scheme in psychology?
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What is the sensorimotor stage?
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What is object permanence?
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What is the preoperational stage?
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What is egocentrism?
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What is centration?
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What is conservation?
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What is irreversibility?
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What is the concrete operations stage?
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What is the formal operations stage?
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What is scaffolding?
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What is the zone of proximal development?
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What is temperament?
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What is attachment?
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What is gender?
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What is gender identity?
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What is adolescence?
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What is puberty?
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What is personal fable?
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What is imaginary audience?
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What is preconventional morality?
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What is conventional morality?
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What is postconventional morality?
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What is identity versus role confusion?
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What is menopause?
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What is andropause?
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What is intimacy?
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What is generativity?
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What is authoritarian parenting?
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What is permissive parenting?
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What is permissive neglectful parenting?
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What is permissive indulgent parenting?
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What is authoritative parenting?
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What is ego integrity?
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What is activity theory?
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Study Notes
Human Development
- Scientific study of changes from conception to death, covering physical, cognitive, and social growth.
- Influenced by both inherited characteristics (nature) and environmental factors (nurture).
Research Designs
- Longitudinal Design: Involves studying the same participants over an extended period.
- Cross-Sectional Design: Examines various age groups at the same time for developmental comparisons.
- Cross-Sequential Design: Combines both methods, following groups over time after initial cross-sectional analysis.
Genetics
- Genetics: Science focused on inherited traits, based on DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
- Gene: A DNA segment that encodes traits; can be dominant (expressed) or recessive (expressed only when paired with another recessive gene).
- Chromosomes: Structures containing tightly wound DNA, critical for inheritance.
Prenatal Development
- Ovum: Female reproductive cell; fertilized to form a zygote.
- Fertilization: Union of ovum and sperm leads to zygote formation.
- Germinal Period: The first two weeks after fertilization, involving implantation in the uterus.
- Embryo: Developing organism between 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization; major organ systems start developing.
- Fetal Period: From 8 weeks to birth, continuing growth and maturation.
Cognitive Development (Piaget's Theory)
- Sensorimotor Stage: Infants learn through senses and motor actions; object permanence develops.
- Preoperational Stage: Preschoolers use language but struggle with logical operations; exhibit egocentrism and centration.
- Concrete Operations Stage: School-age children think logically about concrete events but not abstractly.
- Formal Operations Stage: Adolescents develop abstract reasoning skills.
Vygotsky’s Concepts
- Scaffolding: More skilled individuals provide support to less skilled learners, gradually decreasing assistance.
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): Gap between what a child can do independently and with help.
Emotional and Social Development
- Temperament: Inborn behavioral traits categorized as easy, difficult, or slow to warm up.
- Attachment: Emotional bond between an infant and caregiver, crucial for social development.
Adolescence
- Period of Life: Transition from childhood to adulthood, characterized by physical, emotional, and social changes.
- Puberty: Series of bodily changes during sexual maturity.
- Personal Fable: Adolescents’ belief in their uniqueness and immunity to risks.
- Imaginary Audience: Belief that peers are focused on the adolescent's behavior and appearance.
Moral Development (Kohlberg's Stages)
- Preconventional Morality: Decisions based on consequences for oneself.
- Conventional Morality: Adhering to societal norms and rules.
- Postconventional Morality: Actions based on personal ethical principles, which may differ from societal rules.
Adult Development
- Identity vs. Role Confusion: Adolescents strive to establish a stable self-identity.
- Menopause: End of a woman's reproductive capability marked by cessation of ovulation.
- Andropause: Gradual hormonal changes in middle-aged men.
Parenting Styles
- Authoritarian: Rigid, strict, and lacking warmth.
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Permissive: Few demands, hands-off approach.
- Neglectful: Uninvolved in the child's life.
- Indulgent: Highly involved, but sets few limits.
- Authoritative: Balances warmth with firm behavior expectations.
Aging and Adjustment
- Ego Integrity: Achieving a sense of fulfillment and acceptance of one's life.
- Activity Theory: Continued engagement and activity relates positively to happiness in older adults.
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Description
Test your knowledge on human development covering its stages from conception to death. This quiz dives into research designs, genetics, and prenatal development processes, exploring how both nature and nurture influence growth. Enhance your understanding of developmental psychology concepts.