34 Questions
Which type of tissue is cartilage?
Connective tissue
What is the consistency of the matrix in cartilage?
Rubbery as described in the text
How is cartilage nourished?
Nutrients from surrounding connective tissue
What are the components of cartilage?
Cells, fibers, and matrix
Where is hyaline cartilage most commonly found?
Epiphyseal plate and articular surface of joints
Which type of fibers are present in hyaline cartilage?
Collagenous fibers
What is the main function of the perichondrium in cartilage?
Formation of new cartilage cells during growth
Where are chondroblasts located?
On the surface of cartilage at the inner aspect of perichondrium
What is the function of chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage?
Maintain the cartilage matrix by continuous secretion of new matrix around them
Which type of cartilage is rich in elastic fibers?
Yellow elastic
Where is hyaline cartilage commonly found?
Fetal skeleton
Which component of cartilage surrounds the cartilage except at the articular surface of joints and functions in nutrition and muscle attachment?
Perichondrium
Which cells are responsible for the formation of cartilage matrix and collagen, as well as the growth of cartilage from outside?
UMCs
What type of fibers are present in hyaline cartilage?
Collagen fibers type II
What is the function of chondrocytes in cartilage?
Continuous secretion of new matrix around them
What is the function of perichondrium?
Attachment for muscles and nutrition of non-vascular cartilage
What is the origin of chondrocytes?
Chondroblasts
Which type of fatty acids have more than one double bond?
Polyunsaturated
What is the main storage form of fatty acids in the body?
Triacylglycerols (TAG)
Which compound is an example of a steroid?
Cholesterol
What is the precursor of ω-6 arachidonic acid?
Linoleic acid
Which type of lipids are common constituents of cellular membranes?
Phospholipids
What results from essential fatty acid deficiency?
Dry, scaly dermatitis & poor wound healing
What is the function of Sphingomyelins in nerve cells?
Components of membranous sheath of nerve cells axons
What distinguishes glycerophospholipids from triacylglycerols (TAG)?
- Nitrogen containing group attached to carbon 3
What makes Essential FAs dietary essential in humans?
Humans lack the enzymes needed to synthesize them.
What is the main classification of lipids?
Fatty acids
What is the general structure of fatty acids?
Hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain with terminal carboxyl group (COOH) and one (CH3) group in the other terminus
How are fatty acids classified based on their saturation?
Saturated FA with no double bonds; Monounsaturated contain one double bond; Polyunsaturated contain more than one double bonds
What is the amphipathic nature of fatty acids?
They have a hydrophilic part (the ionized carboxylic group) and a hydrophobic part which is the hydrocarbon chain
How are fatty acids named in terms of Greek numbering?
$(\alpha)$, $(\beta)$, $(\gamma)$, $(\delta)$, $(\xi)$
Which type of lipid contains a hydophobic hydrocarbon chain with a terminal carboxyl group (COOH) and one (CH3) group in the other terminus?
Fatty acids
What is the classification of lipids that includes phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins?
Complex lipids (phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoprotein)
What is the naming method for fatty acid carbons using numbers?
$\Delta$-numbering (6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1)
Study Notes
Cartilage
- Cartilage is a type of connective tissue.
- The matrix of cartilage is gel-like and firm, but pliable.
- Cartilage is nourished by diffusion, as it lacks a direct blood supply.
- The components of cartilage are chondrocytes, collagen fibers, and the matrix.
- Hyaline cartilage is most commonly found in the respiratory tract, joints, and embryonic skeleton.
- Hyaline cartilage contains type II collagen fibers.
- The perichondrium, a layer of connective tissue, surrounds cartilage and functions in nutrition and muscle attachment.
- Chondroblasts are located in the perichondrium.
- Chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage are responsible for maintaining the cartilage matrix.
- Elastic cartilage is rich in elastic fibers.
- Hyaline cartilage is commonly found in the articular surfaces of joints.
- The perichondrium component of cartilage surrounds the cartilage except at the articular surface of joints.
- Chondroblasts are responsible for the formation of cartilage matrix and collagen, as well as the growth of cartilage from outside.
- Hyaline cartilage contains type II collagen fibers.
- Chondrocytes in cartilage are responsible for maintaining the cartilage matrix.
- The perichondrium functions in nutrition and muscle attachment.
- Chondrocytes originate from mesenchymal cells.
Lipids
- Fatty acids with more than one double bond are called polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- The main storage form of fatty acids in the body is triacylglycerols (TAG).
- Cholesterol is an example of a steroid.
- Linoleic acid is the precursor of ω-6 arachidonic acid.
- Phospholipids are common constituents of cellular membranes.
- Essential fatty acid deficiency results in impaired growth and skin lesions.
- Sphingomyelins in nerve cells function as structural components.
- Glycerophospholipids are distinguished from triacylglycerols (TAG) by the presence of a phosphate group.
- Essential fatty acids are dietary essential in humans because they cannot be synthesized by the body.
- The main classification of lipids is into fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
- Fatty acids have a general structure of a hydrocarbon chain with a terminal carboxyl group (COOH) and one (CH3) group in the other terminus.
- Fatty acids are classified based on their saturation as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated.
- Fatty acids have an amphipathic nature, with a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head.
- Fatty acids are named using Greek numbering, with the omega (ω) notation indicating the position of the first double bond.
- Fatty acids contain a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain with a terminal carboxyl group (COOH) and one (CH3) group in the other terminus.
- Complex lipids include phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins.
- Fatty acid carbons are named using numbers, with the delta (Δ) notation indicating the position of the double bond.
This quiz covers the histological structure of different types of cartilage (hyaline, yellow elastic, and white fibrocartilage), differentiation between the three types, and the sites for each type. It also includes information on the types of tissues in the body and components of connective tissue.
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