Hemoglobin and Blood Composition Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of HCL in the procedure for measuring hemoglobin?

  • To provide a medium for blood mixing
  • To dissolve hemoglobin for measurement (correct)
  • To preserve the red blood cells
  • To enhance the color of the solution

What is the significance of 10% HCL in the Sahli's hemoglobinometer method?

  • It enhances the structural integrity of hemoglobin.
  • It is the optimal concentration for hemolysis. (correct)
  • It provides the necessary buffer for accurate readings.
  • It prevents the coagulation of blood.

Which statement accurately describes the structure of hemoglobin?

  • Hemoglobin contains four heme groups bonded to four polypeptide chains. (correct)
  • Hemoglobin cannot bind to carbon monoxide.
  • Hemoglobin is a single molecule composed of one heme and one polypeptide chain.
  • Hemoglobin is made of two heme groups and two polypeptide chains.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding red blood cells?

<p>They are primarily produced in the liver. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the normal hemoglobin levels for adult males and females respectively?

<p>15-16 g/dl for males, 13-14 g/dl for females (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

<p>To facilitate the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chains make up the globin part of adult hemoglobin (HbA)?

<p>2 alpha and 2 beta chains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

<p>120 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does fetal hemoglobin (HbF) differ from adult hemoglobin (HbA)?

<p>HbF contains 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to fetal hemoglobin after birth?

<p>It changes to adult hemoglobin (HbA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal hemoglobin content in adult males?

<p>15-16 g/dl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of hemoglobin is formed when carbon dioxide binds to the globin part?

<p>Carbamino hemoglobin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is methemoglobin unable to do due to its oxidation?

<p>Transport oxygen effectively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hemoglobin Measurement

A blood test that measures the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. It is used to diagnose anemia and other blood disorders.

Hemoglobin Degradation

The breakdown of hemoglobin into acid hematin, which gives blood its characteristic brown color.

Anemia

A condition where the blood has too few red blood cells (RBCs) or too little hemoglobin.

Polycythemia

A condition where the blood has too many red blood cells (RBCs).

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Hemoglobin

A protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body's tissues.

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Hemoglobin (Hb)

A protein found in red blood cells, responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. It consists of two parts: globin and heme.

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Oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb)

The oxygen-carrying form of hemoglobin. It occurs when oxygen binds to the heme part of hemoglobin.

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Carbamino hemoglobin (HbCO2)

Hemoglobin that has bound to carbon dioxide. CO2 binds to the globin part of hemoglobin.

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Carboxy hemoglobin (HbCO)

Hemoglobin that has bonded with carbon monoxide (CO). CO has a much higher affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen.

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Methemoglobin (MetHb)

Hemoglobin that has been oxidized. The iron atom in heme changes from ferrous (Fe++) to ferric (Fe+++), preventing oxygen binding.

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Hemoglobin (Hb) content

The amount of hemoglobin present in 100 ml of blood.

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Hemoglobin (Hb) percentage

The percentage of hemoglobin content in relation to a normal value.

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Hemoglobin (Hb) determination

A blood test used to measure the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. It helps diagnose anemia and other blood disorders.

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Study Notes

Hemoglobin Estimation

  • Hemoglobin is the red oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells (RBCs).
  • The hemoglobin molecule consists of two parts: globin and heme.
  • Globin is a protein made of four polypeptide chains (two alpha and two beta).
  • Heme is a porphyrin ring with an iron atom (Fe2+) in the center. Iron binds to oxygen.
  • Adult hemoglobin (HbA) has two alpha and two beta chains.
  • Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has two alpha and two gamma chains. HbF has higher oxygen affinity, aiding oxygen transfer from mother to fetus.
  • Hemoglobin levels change after birth, with HbF transitioning to HbA by 6 months of age.

Blood Composition

  • Blood is composed of plasma (55%) and cellular components (45%).
  • Plasma is the fluid portion of blood.
  • Cellular components include:
    • Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)
    • Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs)
    • Thrombocytes (platelets)

Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs)

  • RBCs/erythrocytes are biconcave discs without nuclei or mitochondria.
  • This shape maximizes their surface area for efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
  • RBC count differs between males (5.4 million/mm³) and females (4.8 million/mm³).
  • In conditions like high altitudes, newborns, or athletes, RBC counts may be higher, related to increased oxygen demand.
  • RBCs have a lifespan of about 120 days.

Hemoglobin Content

  • Normal hemoglobin content in adult males is 15-16 g/dL.
  • Normal hemoglobin content in adult females is 13-14 g/dL.
  • Hemoglobin content in newborns is typically higher (19 g/dL).
  • Measurement of hemoglobin is crucial in assessing overall health.

Sahli Experiment

  • The Sahli method measures hemoglobin content.
  • Principle: Adding hydrochloric acid to red blood cells causes them to release hemoglobin, which turns brownish.
  • The deeper the brownish color, the higher the hemoglobin concentration.

Procedure for Sahli Experiment

  • Add hydrochloric acid to the tube.
  • Add blood to HCL.
  • Mix well and let stand, then add water to match color in the comparator.
  • Read the hemoglobin value.

Sahli's Hemoglobinometer

  • A device used to compare the color intensity with different known values.
  • This visual method provides a hemoglobin measurement.

Digital Hemoglobinometer

  • A digital tool for hemoglobin quantification.
  • Results are provided numerically in grams per deciliter (g/dL).

Quiz Questions and Answers (Examples)

  • Quiz Question (Hemoglobin Molecule): One molecule of hemoglobin contains: ...

  • Answer: Four heme groups and four polypeptide chains.

  • Quiz Question (RBC Characteristic): Which of the following is NOT a feature of red blood cells? ...

  • Answer: Contain nuclei

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