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Questions and Answers
What is the normal hemoglobin range for adult females in g/dL?
What is the normal hemoglobin range for adult females in g/dL?
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with lower levels of hemoglobin?
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with lower levels of hemoglobin?
What can cause higher levels of hemoglobin in an individual?
What can cause higher levels of hemoglobin in an individual?
For infants, what is the normal hemoglobin range in g/dL?
For infants, what is the normal hemoglobin range in g/dL?
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Which factor can lead to decreased levels of hemoglobin due to chronic illness?
Which factor can lead to decreased levels of hemoglobin due to chronic illness?
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What is the main function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What is the main function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
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Which components make up the hemoglobin structure?
Which components make up the hemoglobin structure?
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In which cells does heme synthesis primarily occur?
In which cells does heme synthesis primarily occur?
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What condition is often assessed using a hemoglobin test?
What condition is often assessed using a hemoglobin test?
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What is the primary limitation of Sahli's method for hemoglobin estimation?
What is the primary limitation of Sahli's method for hemoglobin estimation?
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What happens to hemoglobin when blood is added to dilute hydrochloric acid in Sahli's method?
What happens to hemoglobin when blood is added to dilute hydrochloric acid in Sahli's method?
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Which of the following is NOT a common reason for ordering a hemoglobin test?
Which of the following is NOT a common reason for ordering a hemoglobin test?
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How is hemoglobin classified in terms of its chemical structure?
How is hemoglobin classified in terms of its chemical structure?
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What is the purpose of using hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the hemoglobin estimation procedure?
What is the purpose of using hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the hemoglobin estimation procedure?
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Which substance is used to anticoagulate venous blood in this procedure?
Which substance is used to anticoagulate venous blood in this procedure?
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What does the Sahli’s graduated hemoglobin tube measure in terms of hemoglobin concentration?
What does the Sahli’s graduated hemoglobin tube measure in terms of hemoglobin concentration?
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What is a disadvantage of using the Sahli's method for hemoglobin estimation?
What is a disadvantage of using the Sahli's method for hemoglobin estimation?
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What could be a potential outcome when using acid hematin in this procedure?
What could be a potential outcome when using acid hematin in this procedure?
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After mixing blood with hydrochloric acid, how long should the mixture be left for complete conversion?
After mixing blood with hydrochloric acid, how long should the mixture be left for complete conversion?
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What type of blood specimen is suitable for this estimation method?
What type of blood specimen is suitable for this estimation method?
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Which hemoglobin forms are not converted to acid hematin in this method?
Which hemoglobin forms are not converted to acid hematin in this method?
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Study Notes
Practical Blood Physiology
- Course: 2nd year
- Academic year: 2024-2025
- Lecturer: Hussein R. Alasady, Hematologist
Hemoglobin Estimation
Hemoglobin
- Protein in red blood cells transporting oxygen
- Composed of globin (colorless) and heme (red, iron-containing)
- Heme synthesis occurs in most cells, predominantly erythroid precursors
- Hemoglobin test measures hemoglobin in blood
Why the Test is Performed
- Before/after major surgery
- Blood in stools or vomit
- Chronic conditions (e.g., kidney disease, arthritis)
- Pregnancy
- Fatigue, poor health, unexplained weight loss
- Headaches
- Leukemia/bone marrow problems
- Monitoring cancer treatment
- Monitoring medications causing anemia
Sahli's Method
- Visual comparator method for hemoglobin estimation
- Measures hemoglobin content in blood
- Comparison to standard may lead to inaccuracies
Principle (Sahli's Method)
- Blood mixed with hydrochloric acid (HCl) converts hemoglobin to acid hematin (brown)
- Dilute acid hematin solution until matching permanent standard brown glass
- Color comparison for hemoglobin estimation
Specimen (Hemoglobin Test)
- Capillary or venous blood
- Venous blood anticoagulated with 1.5-1.8 mg EDTA per mL
- Immediately mixed
Instruments (Hemoglobin Estimation)
- Sahli's Hemoglobinometer (comparator)
- Sahli's Hemoglobin Tube (graduated for g% and %)
- Sahli's Pipette (20µl/0.02ml)
- Stirrer (glass rod)
Reagents
- 0.1N Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- Distilled water
Procedure (Hemoglobin Estimation)
- Clean and dry hemoglobin meter tubes and pipette.
- Fill the tube with HCl to 2 g% or 10% mark.
- Fill the pipette with blood to 20µl.
- Transfer blood to HCl in the tube.
- Mix and wait 10 minutes for complete conversion
- Add distilled water dropwise until color matches standard glass.
Advantages (Sahli's Method)
- Easy to perform, convenient
- Not time-consuming
- Cheap and readily available reagents
- Less harmful reagents
Disadvantages (Sahli's Method)
- Acid hematin is suspension, not a true solution (can lead to turbidity)
- Only measures oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin, not carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, or sulfhemoglobin.
- Not suitable for HbF (<3 months)
- Color of standard glass may fade over time
Normal Results (Hemoglobin)
- Adults
- Males: 13.8 – 17.2 g/dL or 138 – 172 g/L
- Females: 12.1 – 15.1 g/dL or 121 – 151 g/L
- Children
- Newborns: 14 – 24 g/dL or 140 – 240 g/L
- Infants: 9.5 – 13 g/dL or 95 – 130 g/L
Abnormal Results (Lower Hb)
- Anemia
- Bleeding
- Bone marrow problems (cancer, drugs, radiation)
- Chronic illness
- Chronic kidney disease
- Malnutrition
- Pregnancy
Abnormal Results (Higher Hb)
- Bone marrow disease (polycythemia vera)
- Cigarette smoking
- Dehydration
- Kidney tumor
- Hypoxia
- Congenital heart disease
- High altitude
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Description
This quiz focuses on hemoglobin estimation, a crucial aspect of blood physiology. It covers the composition of hemoglobin, reasons for testing, and specific methods such as Sahli's Method for hemoglobin estimation. Students will test their knowledge of this essential topic in the 2nd-year curriculum.
