Gross Anatomy 1st Year: Skin and Musculoskeletal System
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Questions and Answers

What is the largest organ in the human body?

  • Skin (correct)
  • Lungs
  • Liver
  • Heart

    • What is the outermost layer of the skin called?

  • Epidermis (correct)
  • Subcutaneous
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis

    • Which layer is located deep to the dermis?

  • Subdermis
  • Epidermis
  • Endodermis
  • Hypodermis (correct)

    • How many main layers does the skin consist of?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total body weight does the skin comprise?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue is primarily found in superficial fascia?

    <p>Loose connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary function of deep fascia?

    <p>Investing muscles and deep structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where might superficial fascia contain thick collagen fibers?

    <p>In areas subject to mechanical stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the cellular component of superficial fascia?

    <p>Usually contains a large amount of fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes deep fascia from superficial fascia?

    <p>Deep fascia is denser and invests muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tendons primarily consist of?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when tendons are strained?

    <p>Tearing, twisting or pulling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common characteristic of tendons?

    <p>They vary in shape and size across different muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following problems is specifically associated with tendons?

    <p>Strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional components do tendons contain besides collagen?

    <p>Blood vessels and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the examiner ask the participant to do when testing flexion of the forearm?

    <p>Flex the forearm while the examiner resists the effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the forearm flexion test, what role does the examiner play?

    <p>To resist the effort of the participant’s flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the examiner resist the participant during the forearm flexion test?

    <p>To assess the strength of the forearm flexors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the participant do during the flexion assessment of the forearm?

    <p>Attempt to flex the forearm against the examiner’s resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle action is being evaluated during the forearm flexion test?

    <p>Flexion of the forearm against resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of long bones?

    <p>Longer than they are wide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone?

    <p>Short bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of superficial fascia?

    <p>Provides insulation and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the inner part of a long bone consist of?

    <p>Cancellous bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is found in the hand and foot?

    <p>Short bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect muscle power?

    <p>Presence of joint capsules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the shape of short bones?

    <p>Roughly cuboidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes muscle tone?

    <p>The constant state of partial contraction in muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common clinical problems associated with tendons include which of the following?

    <p>Tendonitis and tendon ruptures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of assessing muscle power during a physical examination?

    <p>To determine functional strength and movement ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course: Gross Anatomy
    • Year: 1st year
    • Lecturer: Dr. Rana M. Raoof
    • Department: Anatomy
    • Date: 12/11/2024
    • Number of lectures: Two

    Learning Objectives

    • Describe the anatomy of the skin
    • Discuss the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system

    Intended Learning Outcomes

    • Identify skin components
    • Define and discuss functions of superficial and deep fascia
    • Determine factors affecting muscle power
    • Define muscle tone
    • Demonstrate muscle power and muscle tone examination
    • Define tendons and discuss common clinical problems
    • Identify different bone types according to shape and structure

    Skin

    • Largest body organ (15% of total body weight)
    • Superficial layer = epidermis
    • Deep layer = dermis
    • Deep to dermis = hypodermis

    Skin Appendages

    • Nails
    • Hair and hair follicles
    • Sebaceous glands
    • Sweat glands

    Nails

    • Nail plate
    • Nail root
    • Nail folds
    • Nail bed

    Activity: Skin Function

    • (Activity from the presentation)

    Fascia (Superficial and Deep)

    • Connective tissue containing varying amounts of fat
    • Encloses body deep to the skin
    • Separates, supports, and interconnects organs and structures
    • Divided into superficial and deep types

    Superficial Fascia (Subcutaneous Tissue)

    • Cellular components: loose connective tissue, large amount of fat
    • Regional variations: thick collagen fibers, sites with no adipose tissue
    • Function: (not explicitly described in the document)

    Deep Fascia

    • Dense connective tissue layer investing muscles and other deep structures
    • Extensions form investing fascia, intermuscular septa, subserous fascia (e.g., extraperitoneal, endothoracic fascia), and retinacula

    Activity: Types of Skin Sensations

    • (Activity from presentation)

    Why Deep Fascia is Important

    • Limits spread of infection and malignant disease
    • Surgical clearance may require extensive dissection if a fascial plane is crossed.

    Musculoskeletal System

    • Muscles + tendons
    • Bones + cartilage
    • Ligaments

    Muscles

    • Activity: Types of muscles (voluntary/involuntary)
    • Activity: List muscle types

    Skeletal Muscles

    • 40% body weight.
    • Each skeletal muscle has a contractile part (head/belly) and a non-contractile part (tendon/aponeurosis)

    Naming Muscles

    • Shape (e.g., deltoid, rhomboid, etc.)
    • Depth (e.g., superficial, profundus, etc.)
    • Position (e.g., anterior, posterior, etc.)
    • Attachment: sites of muscle connection (e.g., to bones)
    • Size: (e.g., major, minor, longus, brevis)
    • Action (e.g., flexor, extensor, etc.)
    • Number of Heads or Bellies

    Muscle Contraction

    • Leads to ~70% shortening of muscle length
    • Long parallel fibers shorten the most, but are not the most powerful
    • Powerful contraction depends on number of muscle fibers (cells)

    Types of Muscles

    • (Discussion from the presentation)

    Testing Muscle Power

    • Used to diagnose muscle or nerve diseases
    • Bilateral comparison of muscle strength
    • Patient performs movements while examiner resists the effort

    Testing Muscle Tone

    • Slight muscle contraction even in a relaxed state.
    • Abnormal tone: Hypotonia (flaccid paralysis), Hypertonia (rigidity, spasticity)

    Why Muscle Tone Is Important

    • Gives muscle firmness
    • Assists in joint stability
    • Assists in posture maintenance

    Tendons

    • Strong connective tissue cords connecting muscle to bone
    • Vary in shape and size in different muscles
    • Mostly collagen, with blood vessels and nerves

    Tendons: Common Problems

    • Strains (tear, twist, or pull) - common in arms and legs
    • Tendonitis (inflammation) - often due to repetitive activities, overuse or aging

    Bones

    • Strong & rigid connective tissue consisting of:
      • Cells
      • Fibers (not detailed)
      • Matrix (organic materials and minerals, not detailed)

    Functions of Bones

    • Locomotion
    • Support and protection
    • Storage of hemopoietic tissues and fats
    • Storage of metabolic calcium & phosphate

    Bone Classification by Structure

    • Compact bone: solid outer shell of mature bones
      • Important for strength
      • Provides rigid articular surfaces
      • Thickness varies between/within bones, decreasing with age
    • Trabecular (cancellous, spongy) bone: branching network of trabeculae; providing support to compact bone and reducing weight

    Bone General Structure (Long Bones)

    • 2 ends (epiphysis)
    • Shaft (diaphysis)
    • 2 Metaphysis

    Bone Classification by Shape

    • Long bones: length > width; compact bone outer, spongy bone inner; head, neck, and shaft regions
    • Short bones: roughly cuboidal; mostly cancellous bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone; found in hand/foot
    • Flat bones: thin inner/outer layers of compact bone, separated by cancellous bone; found in skull, scapula
    • Irregular bones: irregular shape, thin inner/outer layers of compact bone separated by cancellous bone; found in bones of skull, vertebrae, pelvic bones
    • Sesamoid bones: within tendons, reducing friction and altering direction of tendinous pull; e.g., patella

    Homework Questions

    • Are bones vascular structures?
    • Do bones have innervation?

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the anatomy of the skin and the musculoskeletal system. You'll explore the components of the skin, including its layers and appendages, and discuss muscle power and tone as well as clinical implications related to tendons and bones. Test your understanding of these foundational concepts in anatomy.

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