Human Skin and Musculoskeletal Functions

Skin and Its Functions

• The skin is the largest organ in the human body.
• Functions include preventing injury to internal organs and reducing water loss, essential for life.
• It serves as a sense organ, detecting heat, cold, pain, touch, and pressure.
• Blood vessels in the skin dilate in high temperatures and constrict in low temperatures.

Signs of Skin Conditions

• Thinning skin, wrinkles, brown spots, and thinning of fatty tissue are considered normal with aging.
• Bruises, cuts, flaking skin, reddened skin, and swollen skin are signs of potential issues.
• Gray hair is normal, while an orange-peel appearance to the skin indicates a sign that requires attention.

Musculoskeletal System

• The human body contains 206 bones, which protect organs.
• Muscles facilitate movement. Range of motion exercises help prevent immobility-related problems.
• Muscle atrophy occurs when muscles weaken and decrease in size.
• Clear pathways and accessible mobility aids can prevent falls.

Age-Related Changes

• Weakness, loss of muscle tone, and decreased bone density are often normal during aging.
• Increased brittleness of bones can occur, along with signs such as aches, pains, loss of height, and slower body movement.
• Signs such as pain during movement, swelling of joints, and changes in joint appearance require assessment.

Nervous System Overview

• The nervous system coordinates body functions and is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems.
• Signs of neurological issues include inability to move one side of the body, depression, fatigue with movement, and slurred speech.
• Decreased sensitivity to temperature and confusion are common with age-related changes and address safety concerns.

Stroke and Communication

• Residents with stroke may require physical therapy and support in communication.
• Establishing a routine provides security for residents experiencing confusion or memory loss.
• Using yes or no questions can aid communication; gestures may also enhance understanding.

Conditions Impacting Movement

• Parkinson's disease leads to brain degeneration, causing symptoms like shuffling gait and mask-like facial expressions.
• Multiple sclerosis damages nerve coverings, hindering message transmission, and causing symptoms such as blurred vision and trouble walking.
• Stress can exacerbate MS symptoms, so providing calm support is crucial.

Spinal Cord Injuries

• The impact of spinal cord injuries varies by location and severity.
• Paraplegia results in loss of function in the lower body. Emotional and physical support is essential for recovery.
• Residents with spinal injuries may have reduced sensation and are at risk for burns.

Circulatory System Functions

• Comprised of the heart, blood, and blood vessels, the circulatory system is essential for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste.
• Signs of circulatory issues include severe headaches, chest pain, swelling in extremities, pale or bluish skin, and shortness of breath.

Hypertension Risk Factors

• Potential causes of hypertension include kidney disease, adrenal gland tumors, and pregnancy.