University of Mosul College of Medicine Gross Anatomy 1st Year Lecture Notes PDF

University of Mosul College of Medicine Lecture: (two) Subject/year: Gross Anatomy/ 1st year Lecturer: Dr. Rana M. Raoof Department: Anatomy Date: 12/11/2024  The AIM of this lecture is To describe the anatomy of the skin To discuss the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system ❖ Intended lea...

University of Mosul College of Medicine Lecture: (two) Subject/year: Gross Anatomy/ 1st year Lecturer: Dr. Rana M. Raoof Department: Anatomy Date: 12/11/2024  The AIM of this lecture is To describe the anatomy of the skin To discuss the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system ❖ Intended learning outcomes: By the end of this lecture you will be able to: 1. Identify the components of the skin. 2. Define superficial and deep fascia and discuss their functions 3. Determine factors affecting muscle power 4. Define muscle tone 5. Demonstrate muscle power and muscle tone examination 6. Define tendons and discuss its common clinical problems 7. Identify different types of bones according to shape and structure  Skin Largest body organ (15% of the total body weight.) Superficial layer =epidermis Deep layer =dermis Deep to dermis, =Hypodermis  Acivity In your openion, what is the main Function of the skin  Skin appendages 1. Nail. 2. Hair & hair follicles. 3. Sebaceous glands. 4. Sweat glands.  Nails Nail plate Nail root Nail folds Nail bed  Activity List (and give example) of types of sensations percieved by your skin  Fascia (superficial and deep) connective tissue containing varying amounts of fat Encloses the body deep to the skin Separate, support and interconnect organs and structures can be divided into two types, superficial and deep.  Superficial fascia (Subcutaneous tissue) Cellular components Loose connective tissue usually contains a large amount of fat Regional variations Sites with thick collagen fibers Sites with no adipose tissue Function  Deep fascia Dense CT layer that invests the muscles and other deep structures. Extensions from its internal surface can form: investing fascia Intermuscular septa subserous fascia (extraperitoneal, endothoracic fascia.) retinacula Why Deep fascia is important? Clinically, fascia are extremely important because they often limit the spread of infection and malignant disease. When infections or malignant diseases cross a fascial plain, the surgical clearance may require a far more extensive dissection to render the area free of tumour or infection. Musculoskeletal system Muscles + tendons Bones + Cartilage Ligaments  Muscles Activity List the types of muscles in our body Which muscles are voluntary and which are involuntary  Skeletal muscles 40% body wt. each sk.m. Has: 1. Contractile part (Heads, belly) 2. Non-contractile part (Tendon, apponurosis) Naming:  Muscle contraction Leads to about 70% shortening of their resting length. Muscles with a long parallel fiber arrangement shorten the most but are not powerful. Powerful Muscle contraction depends on the number of muscle fibers (cells). Which muscle produces ………  Testing muscle power Helps to diagnose different muscle or nerve diseases Muscles tested bilaterally by comparing both sides The patient performs movements that resist those produced by the doctor. Example: when testing flexion of the forearm, the examiner asks the person to flex his or her forearm while the examiner resists the effort. Watch the video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gTceVpU24-k Testing Muscle Tone  Tendons (‫)االوتار‬ A tendon is a strong cord of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. differ in shape and size in different muscles Mostly formed from collagen and it contain blood vessels and nerves.  Tendons, Common problems Strains: Strains occur when you tear, twist or pull a tendon. Tendon strains often happen in your arms and legs. Tendonitis: when your tendons become inflamed, usually due to repetitive activities, overuse or aging. Musculoskeletal system Muscles + tendons Bones + Cartilage Ligaments  Bones strong and rigid connective tissue consists of Cells.................................. Fibers............ and matrix (organic materials and minerals)  Functions of bones Locomotion provides support and protection storage of haemopoietic tissues and fats Storage of metabolic calcium and phosphate  Bone can be classified according to its structure into Compact bone solid mass branching network of Trabecular bone Trabeculae Compact bone  Compact bone limited to the outer shell of mature bones important for bone strength Provide rigid articular surfaces thickness vary between and within bones, and generally decrease with age in adults. Trabecular (cancellous, spongy) bone provides support to the compact bone Minimiz bone weight Bone general structure (of long bones) Long bones consist of: 2 ends (epiphysis) Shaft (diaphysis) 2 Metaphysis Classification of bones according to shape  Bone can be classified according to shape into short bones roughly cuboidal composed of cancellous bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone. found in the hand and foot  Bone can be classified according to shape into Long bones Their length is more than the width Its outer part is formed of compact bone Its inner part is formed of spongy bone Has head, neck and shaft region  Bone can be classified according to shape into short bones roughly cuboidal composed of cancellous bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone. found in the hand and foot  Bone can be classified according to shape into flat bones flat Thin inner and outer layers of compact bone, separated by a layer of cancellous bone found in the skull, scapula  Bone can be classified according to shape into irregular bones irregular Thin inner and outer layers of compact bone, separated by a layer of cancellous bone found in the the bones of the skull, the vertebrae, and the pelvic bones  Bone can be classified according to shape into Sesamoid bones Within tendon Reduce friction, alter the direction of pull on the tendon Ex. patella  Questions for you to answer (homework) Are bones vascular structures? Do bones have innervation? ❖ To summarize: You are now able to 1. Identify the components of the skin. 2. Define superficial and deep fascia and discuss their functions 3. Determine factors affecting muscle power 4. Define muscle tone 5. Demonstrate muscle power and muscle tone examination 6. Define tendons and discuss its common clinical problems 7. Identify different types of bones according to shape and structure References and recommended further readings: 1. Snell clinical anatomy by regions. 2. Gray anatomy of the human body. 3. Grant atlas of anatomy. The end