Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the approximate length of the pancreas?
What is the approximate length of the pancreas?
Which part of the pancreas connects to the duodenum?
Which part of the pancreas connects to the duodenum?
What percentage of the pancreas is formed by acini?
What percentage of the pancreas is formed by acini?
What is the primary function of pancreatic islets?
What is the primary function of pancreatic islets?
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Which of the following best describes the location of the liver?
Which of the following best describes the location of the liver?
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How is the gallbladder positioned relative to the liver?
How is the gallbladder positioned relative to the liver?
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Which connective tissue layer covers the liver?
Which connective tissue layer covers the liver?
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What is the approximate weight of the average adult liver?
What is the approximate weight of the average adult liver?
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What is the primary function of hepatocytes in the liver?
What is the primary function of hepatocytes in the liver?
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Which structure separates the liver into the right and left lobes?
Which structure separates the liver into the right and left lobes?
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What role do bile canaliculi play in the liver?
What role do bile canaliculi play in the liver?
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What type of cells primarily make up the liver's volume?
What type of cells primarily make up the liver's volume?
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How are hepatic lobules structured?
How are hepatic lobules structured?
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What is found in the portal triad of a hepatic lobule?
What is found in the portal triad of a hepatic lobule?
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Which of the following describes the cytoplasm of hepatocytes?
Which of the following describes the cytoplasm of hepatocytes?
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What percentage of hepatocytes are typically polyploid?
What percentage of hepatocytes are typically polyploid?
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What forms the common bile duct?
What forms the common bile duct?
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Which cells in the liver are responsible for phagocytosis?
Which cells in the liver are responsible for phagocytosis?
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Which of the following correctly describes the blood supply to the liver?
Which of the following correctly describes the blood supply to the liver?
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What is the significance of hepatic sinusoids in liver function?
What is the significance of hepatic sinusoids in liver function?
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What is a distinct feature of the gallbladder's mucosa?
What is a distinct feature of the gallbladder's mucosa?
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Where does blood from the hepatic sinusoids ultimately drain into?
Where does blood from the hepatic sinusoids ultimately drain into?
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What structure contains a bile duct, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic vein?
What structure contains a bile duct, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic vein?
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What type of muscle fibers are found in the muscular coat of the gallbladder?
What type of muscle fibers are found in the muscular coat of the gallbladder?
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Study Notes
GIT Associated Glands
- The pancreas is a retroperitoneal gland, approximately 12-15 cm long and 2.5 cm thick.
- It's located behind the greater curvature of the stomach.
- The pancreas is composed of a head, body, and tail.
- Two ducts connect the pancreas to the duodenum (part of the small intestine).
- The head is the expanded portion near the duodenal curve.
Pancreas Histology
- Primarily composed of clusters of glandular epithelial cells.
- 99% of these clusters (acini) make up the exocrine portion, secreting fluid and digestive enzymes.
- The remaining 1% are pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans), which make up the endocrine portion. These islets secrete hormones like glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.
Liver and Gallbladder
- The liver is the largest gland in the body, weighing approximately 1.4 kg in adults.
- Situated inferior to the diaphragm, largely occupying the right hypochondriac and part of the epigastric regions.
- The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac situated in a depression on the liver's posterior surface.
- Its dimensions are typically 7-10 cm in length.
Liver Anatomy
- The liver is largely covered by visceral peritoneum and a layer of dense irregular connective tissue under the peritoneum.
- It's divided into a large right lobe and a smaller left lobe, and further into smaller lobes (quadrate and caudate).
- The gallbladder has parts, including a broad fundus (extends beyond the liver's inferior border), a body (central portion), and a neck (tapered portion).
Liver Histology
- Hepatocytes are the primary functional cells in the liver. They have metabolic, secretory, and endocrine functions.
- These specialized epithelial cells comprise about 80% of the liver's volume and form hepatic laminae.
- The hepatocytes are arranged in plates bordering hepatic sinusoids (endothelial-lined spaces).
- Hepatocytes secrete bile, which is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion.
Hepatic Lobules
- Hepatocytes form radiating plates around a central vein.
- Three structures (portal triad): a portal vein branch, hepatic artery branch, and bile ductule are present at the periphery of each lobule.
- Portal vein brings nutrient-rich/deoxygenated blood.
- Hepatic artery brings oxygenated blood.
- The highly permeable blood capillaries, known as hepatic sinusoids, connect the portal triad and central vein. They facilitate nutrient and oxygen exchange.
Liver Histology - Bile Canaliculi
- Bile canaliculi are small ducts between hepatocytes connecting to bile ductules.
- Bile proceeds through the bile ductules into larger bile ducts, merging into the right and left hepatic ducts.
- The right and left hepatic ducts combine to form the common hepatic duct, which unites with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct, and then enters the duodenum.
Liver Blood Supply
- The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery (oxygenated) and hepatic portal vein (nutrient-rich, deoxygenated).
- Blood from these vessels flows into sinusoidal capillaries (hepatic sinusoids) connecting to the central vein.
- The central vein's blood eventually drains into the hepatic vein and the inferior vena cava.
Gallbladder Histology
- The gallbladder wall's mucosa is made up of simple columnar epithelium (rugae).
- The smooth muscle layer contractions help empty the contents into the cystic duct.
- The serosa of the gallbladder is the visceral peritoneum. Gallbladder concentrates bile to 10 times its initial concentration
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy and histology of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. This quiz covers their structures, functions, and the specific types of cells involved in secretion. Ideal for students studying human anatomy and physiology.
