Comparative Anatomy: Liver and Pancreas
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Questions and Answers

What type of endothelium lines the blood capillary beds in the liver lobule?

  • Continuous endothelium
  • Sinusoidal endothelium (correct)
  • Squamous endothelium
  • Fenestrated endothelium (correct)

Where is bile produced within the liver structure?

  • Liver sinusoids
  • Hepatocytes (correct)
  • Central vein
  • Bile ducts

Which of the following ducts is commonly found in the dog?

  • Greater pancreatic duct
  • Bile duct (correct)
  • Accessory pancreatic duct (correct)
  • Common hepatic duct

What is the main function of the central vein in a liver lobule?

<p>Drain blood out of the lobule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which animal does the pancreatic duct typically open alongside the bile duct?

<p>Cat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the interlobular ducts in the liver?

<p>Canaliculi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the liver?

<p>Detoxification and excretion of waste products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells in the liver are involved in immune function?

<p>Kupffer cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the gall bladder located in relation to the liver?

<p>Between the right medial and quadrate lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference regarding the gall bladder among some species?

<p>Some species, like horses and rats, have no gall bladder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance does the liver synthesize that is crucial for blood clotting?

<p>Clotting factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is stored in the liver?

<p>Vitamin B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be identified as a major metabolic function of the liver?

<p>Regulation of blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which location of the abdominal cavity does the liver primarily reside?

<p>Caudal to the diaphragm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the structural units of the liver?

<p>Lobules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the strongly convex surface of the liver that faces the diaphragm called?

<p>Diaphragmatic surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surface of the liver is concave and lies against the stomach and duodenum?

<p>Visceral surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The porta of the liver is also known as what?

<p>Hilar region (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure is located cranial to the liver?

<p>Diaphragm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the liver is not present in pigs according to the lobulation description?

<p>Left medial lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In dogs, which organ is located to the left of the liver?

<p>Stomach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the liver is present in ruminants but not in the horse?

<p>Papillary process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the liver in dogs is incorrect?

<p>The liver does not contact the right kidney. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ does the caudal part of the liver cover in dogs?

<p>Cranial extremity of the right kidney (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe is present in all domestic species mentioned?

<p>Quadrate lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the liver lie in horses?

<p>Completely within the ribcage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the liver biopsy site at the 12th ICS in horses?

<p>On a line between the tuber coxae and point of the shoulder on the right-hand side (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the rabbit liver divided?

<p>By a deep cleft into right and left lobes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe could potentially contribute to liver torsion in rabbits?

<p>Caudate lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the cow liver's position?

<p>It reaches dorsally as far as the last rib. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure lies at the 10th ICS in cows?

<p>Gallbladder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of peritoneal folds?

<p>Serve to fix organs in position (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is a remnant of the umbilical vein?

<p>Round ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of covering does the liver have?

<p>Serosa over connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the falciform ligament?

<p>Attaches liver to diaphragm and abdominal wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ligaments in relation to the liver?

<p>Support and attach the liver firmly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major vein supplies 60-70% of the blood flow to the liver?

<p>Hepatic portal vein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures form the portal triad in the hepatic lobule?

<p>Portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve fibers innervate the liver?

<p>Vagal axons and sympathetic axons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the hepatic lobule?

<p>Hexagon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which abdominal organs does the hepatic portal vein collect blood from?

<p>Stomach, pancreas, spleen, intestines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are involved in connecting the liver to the diaphragm?

<p>Triangular and coronary ligaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood does the hepatic artery carry to the liver?

<p>Oxygenated blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery in the liver?

<p>It mixes in the hepatic sinusoids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do vagal axons reach the liver?

<p>By passing through the diaphragm with the esophagus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Liver Location

The largest gland in the abdominal cavity situated caudal to the diaphragm.

Liver Position in Species

In most species, the liver's bulk resides on the right side, while in ruminants it's entirely shifted to the right.

Gallbladder Location

Located between the right medial and quadrate lobes of the liver.

Gallbladder Absence

The presence of a gallbladder varies among species, with horses and rats lacking one.

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Liver Function: Detoxification

The liver plays a crucial role in detoxifying and eliminating waste products from the body.

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Liver Function: Bile Secretion

The liver produces bile, an essential fluid for fat digestion.

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Liver Function: Storage

The liver acts as a storage depot for essential nutrients like lipids, vitamins A and B, and glycogen.

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Liver Function: Synthesis

The liver synthesizes vital proteins such as albumin, clotting factors, and globulins.

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Liver Function: Metabolism

The liver actively participates in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

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Porta of the Liver

The portion of the liver where the bile duct, portal vein, and hepatic vessels enter and exit.

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Parietal Surface of the Liver

The liver's surface facing towards the diaphragm, characterized by its strong convexity.

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Visceral Surface of the Liver

The surface of the liver facing towards internal organs, characterized by its concavity and impressions due to contact with adjacent structures.

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Liver Position in the Abdomen

The liver's location is in the cranial (upper) part of the abdomen.

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Structures Surrounding the Liver

The liver sits right below the diaphragm and above the stomach, intestinal mass, and right kidney.

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Liver Adaptability

The liver adapts its shape to fit the nearby organs, demonstrating close anatomical relationships.

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Liver Lobes

The lobes of the liver are distinct sections with individual functions.

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Liver Lobulation in Different Species

Each species has unique liver lobe configurations.

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Importance of Liver Lobe Anatomy

Understanding liver lobe anatomy is essential for guiding biopsies and surgeries.

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Liver Functions

The liver's role in the body's overall function is vast.

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Liver location in horses

The liver is located within the ribcage, extending obliquely across the diaphragm with the left lobe ventrally and the right lobe dorsally. The caudal margin reaches the 15th intercostal space (ICS).

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Liver biopsy site in horses

Biopsy sites for the liver in horses are determined by the ICS. For example, a 12th ICS biopsy on a line between the tuber coxae and point of the shoulder is used for the right side, while an 8th ICS biopsy at the level of the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus can be used.

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Liver anatomy in rabbits

The liver in rabbits is composed of five lobes, with a deep cleft dividing them into right and left lobes. The caudate lobe has a narrow attachment to the porta region, making it susceptible to torsion.

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Liver biopsy in rabbits

Liver biopsy in rabbits can be performed under ultrasound guidance, safely accessing any of the five lobes ventrally.

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Liver location in cows

The liver in cows extends dorsally to the last rib, extending its presence significantly within the abdominal cavity.

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Liver biopsy site in cows

The recommended biopsy site for the liver in cows is at the 10th ICS, approximately one-quarter the length of the rib. This location is where the gallbladder also rests.

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Liver covering and capsule

A serous membrane, the visceral peritoneum, covers the liver. Beneath it lies a thin connective tissue capsule called the tunica fibrosa, which is particularly prominent in pigs.

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Peritoneal folds and liver

The liver has several peritoneal folds that help to fix its position. These folds also carry vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.

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Falciform ligament & round ligament

The falciform ligament connects the liver to the diaphragm and the ventral abdominal wall. It has a fibrous strand called the round ligament in its free edge, which is a remnant of the umbilical vein.

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Lesser omentum and components

The lesser omentum connects the liver to the duodenum and stomach. It has two important components: hepatoduodenal ligament and hepatogastric ligament.

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Liver Lobule Blood Flow

Blood that enters the liver lobule from both an arteriole and venule is drained out via the central vein.

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Bile Canaliculi

Bile canaliculi are tiny channels between hepatocytes that collect bile produced by the liver cells. These channels eventually merge into larger ducts, ultimately carrying bile to the gallbladder and duodenum.

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Pancreas Location

The pancreas is a gland with two lobes: the right lobe, which is located next to the duodenum, and the left lobe, which is found in the greater omentum.

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Pancreatic Duct

The pancreatic duct, also known as the main pancreatic duct, joins with the bile duct and empties into the duodenum. This is where digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver are released.

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Accessory Pancreatic Duct

The accessory pancreatic duct, also known as the lesser pancreatic duct, empties separately into the duodenum. It's smaller than the main pancreatic duct and is not present in all species.

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Bile and Pancreatic Duct Openings

The opening of the bile and pancreatic ducts into the duodenum varies among species. For example, in horses, they both open at the duodenal sigmoid flexure, while in dogs, they both open at the major duodenal papilla.

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Triangular Ligaments

Ligaments that run from the liver's dorsal portion to the diaphragm on both sides.

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Coronary Ligament

This ligament surrounds the caudal vena cava and connects the liver to the diaphragm's central tendon.

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Hepatic Portal Vein

The main vein delivering nutrient-rich blood from unpaired abdominal organs to the liver.

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Hepatic Artery

The artery supplying oxygenated blood to the liver.

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Hepatic Lobule

The basic functional unit of the liver, shaped like a hexagon.

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Portal Triad

A group of three structures found at each corner of the hepatic lobule: a venule, an arteriole, and a bile duct.

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Blood Mixing in the Liver

The mixing of blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery within the hepatic sinusoids before being collected by central veins.

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Hepatic Veins

The central veins within the hepatic lobules merge to form these veins, which eventually drain into the caudal vena cava.

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Liver Innervation

The liver receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve innervation.

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Vagal Axons

These nerves reach the liver through the diaphragm with the esophagus.

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Study Notes

Digestive System - Comparative Anatomy of the Liver and Pancreas

  • Objectives: The presentation outlines learning objectives related to the comparative anatomy of the liver and pancreas in domestic species. These objectives include topography, lobulation, microscopic structure, blood supply, venous drainage, and innervation.

Liver Functions

  • Detoxification and excretion: The liver removes waste products from the blood.
  • Secretion (Bile): The liver produces bile, essential for digestion
  • Storage: The liver stores lipids, vitamins (A and B), and glycogen.
  • Synthesis: The liver synthesizes albumin, clotting factors, and globulins.
  • Metabolism: The liver plays a role in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism.
  • Immune function: Kupffer cells within the liver are part of the immune system.

Species Comparison (Liver)

  • Location: The liver is the largest abdominal gland, positioned caudal to the diaphragm, typically on the right-hand side of the abdominal cavity in most species, and often entirely moved to the right in ruminants.
  • Gall Bladder: The gall bladder is located between the right medial and quadrate lobes of the liver. Some species, notably horses and rats, lack a gall bladder in the fossa.
  • Surface Features: The liver has a strongly convex surface facing the diaphragm (parietal/ diaphragmatic surface); the opposing, concave surface faces the internal organs (visceral surface). The porta of the liver is where major vessels and the bile duct enter or leave the liver.

Liver Lobes

  • Lobulation: Different domestic species (dogs, pigs, ruminants, horses, rabbits, sheep, cows) exhibit varying degrees of visible discrete liver lobes.

Liver Topography (e.g., Dog and Horse)

  • Dog: The liver is related to the stomach, spleen, pancreas, kidney, duodenum, and the greater omentum. It reaches the umbilical region and extends down to the 13th thoracic vertebra.

  • Horse: Found entirely within the ribcage and positioned across the diaphragm. Its caudal margin reaches the 15th intercostal space.

  • Rabbit: The liver has five lobes and a deep cleft that divides the lobes into right and left halves. A caudate lobe is often present, attached near the porta.

  • Cow: The liver extends dorsally about as far as the last rib. Liver biopsy typically samples the 10th intercostal space (ICS)

Liver Attachments

  • Serosa (visceral peritoneum): The liver is covered with serosa and has a thin connective tissue capsule.
  • Ligaments: The falciform ligament connects the liver to the diaphragm and ventral abdominal wall. The round ligament is a remnant of the umbilical vein. The lesser omentum (hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments) are significant for attaching the liver.

Liver Blood Supply

  • Hepatic Portal Vein: Carries nutrient-rich venous blood from unpaired abdominal organs.
  • Hepatic Artery: Carries oxygenated blood.
  • Blood Flow: Blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery intermix in hepatic sinusoids before reaching the central veins, which eventually drain into the caudal vena cava.

Liver Innervation

  • Nerves: The liver receives sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation, with fibres from the vagal trunk and sympathetic axons from the celiac plexus/ganglion.
  • Vagal Pathway: Vagal axons pass through the diaphragm with the esophagus to reach the abdomen and innervation target.

Hepatic Lobule

  • Structure: Fundamental unit; hexagonal shaped. Contains a triad (portal venule, small bile duct, and hepatic arteriole) at each corner.
  • Blood Flow: Arterioles and venules empty blood into the lobule's spongy tissue, where blood flows through capillary beds known as liver sinusoids. A central vein drains the lobule.

Bile and Bile Duct

  • Production: Bile is produced by hepatocytes (liver cells).
  • Discharge: Released into bile canaliculi.
  • Formation: Canaliculi merge to form interlobular ducts, then hepatic ducts, which eventually connect to the cystic duct and the bile duct.

Pancreas

  • Location: Dorsal part of the abdominal cavity, often abutting the stomach and liver. Typically comprises two connected lobes.
  • Blood Supply: Coeliac and cranial mesenteric arteries supply blood.
  • Ducts: Pancreas has both a major (pancreatic) and a minor (accessory) duct; in some species (sheep, pig) only the major duct is present.
  • Location (duodenal relation): The body of the pancreas is situated near the pylorus (opening to the duodenum).

Pancreatic and Bile Ducts (Comparative)

  • Species variation: Pancreatic and bile duct arrangements vary between species (e.g., horse, dog, cat, pig, sheep, cow). Some species may have a common opening into the duodenum, while others merge before the duct empties.

Supportive Reading

  • Recommended texts: Specific veterinary anatomy text resources are listed for further study.

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Comparative Anatomy of the Liver and Pancreas PDF

Description

This quiz explores the comparative anatomy of the liver and pancreas across domestic species. Topics include the functions of the liver, such as detoxification and metabolism, as well as the topographical and microscopic differences between species. Test your knowledge on these vital organs!

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