Comparative Anatomy: Liver and Pancreas
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Questions and Answers

What type of endothelium lines the blood capillary beds in the liver lobule?

  • Continuous endothelium
  • Sinusoidal endothelium (correct)
  • Squamous endothelium
  • Fenestrated endothelium (correct)

    • Where is bile produced within the liver structure?

  • Liver sinusoids
  • Hepatocytes (correct)
  • Central vein
  • Bile ducts

    • Which of the following ducts is commonly found in the dog?

  • Greater pancreatic duct
  • Bile duct (correct)
  • Accessory pancreatic duct (correct)
  • Common hepatic duct

    • What is the main function of the central vein in a liver lobule?

    <p>Drain blood out of the lobule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which animal does the pancreatic duct typically open alongside the bile duct?

    <p>Cat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the interlobular ducts in the liver?

    <p>Canaliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the liver?

    <p>Detoxification and excretion of waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the liver are involved in immune function?

    <p>Kupffer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the gall bladder located in relation to the liver?

    <p>Between the right medial and quadrate lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference regarding the gall bladder among some species?

    <p>Some species, like horses and rats, have no gall bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance does the liver synthesize that is crucial for blood clotting?

    <p>Clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is stored in the liver?

    <p>Vitamin B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be identified as a major metabolic function of the liver?

    <p>Regulation of blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which location of the abdominal cavity does the liver primarily reside?

    <p>Caudal to the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structural units of the liver?

    <p>Lobules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the strongly convex surface of the liver that faces the diaphragm called?

    <p>Diaphragmatic surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surface of the liver is concave and lies against the stomach and duodenum?

    <p>Visceral surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The porta of the liver is also known as what?

    <p>Hilar region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure is located cranial to the liver?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the liver is not present in pigs according to the lobulation description?

    <p>Left medial lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dogs, which organ is located to the left of the liver?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the liver is present in ruminants but not in the horse?

    <p>Papillary process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the liver in dogs is incorrect?

    <p>The liver does not contact the right kidney.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ does the caudal part of the liver cover in dogs?

    <p>Cranial extremity of the right kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe is present in all domestic species mentioned?

    <p>Quadrate lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the liver lie in horses?

    <p>Completely within the ribcage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the liver biopsy site at the 12th ICS in horses?

    <p>On a line between the tuber coxae and point of the shoulder on the right-hand side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the rabbit liver divided?

    <p>By a deep cleft into right and left lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe could potentially contribute to liver torsion in rabbits?

    <p>Caudate lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the cow liver's position?

    <p>It reaches dorsally as far as the last rib.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure lies at the 10th ICS in cows?

    <p>Gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of peritoneal folds?

    <p>Serve to fix organs in position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is a remnant of the umbilical vein?

    <p>Round ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of covering does the liver have?

    <p>Serosa over connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the falciform ligament?

    <p>Attaches liver to diaphragm and abdominal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ligaments in relation to the liver?

    <p>Support and attach the liver firmly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major vein supplies 60-70% of the blood flow to the liver?

    <p>Hepatic portal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures form the portal triad in the hepatic lobule?

    <p>Portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve fibers innervate the liver?

    <p>Vagal axons and sympathetic axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the hepatic lobule?

    <p>Hexagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abdominal organs does the hepatic portal vein collect blood from?

    <p>Stomach, pancreas, spleen, intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligaments are involved in connecting the liver to the diaphragm?

    <p>Triangular and coronary ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood does the hepatic artery carry to the liver?

    <p>Oxygenated blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery in the liver?

    <p>It mixes in the hepatic sinusoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vagal axons reach the liver?

    <p>By passing through the diaphragm with the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digestive System - Comparative Anatomy of the Liver and Pancreas

    • Objectives: The presentation outlines learning objectives related to the comparative anatomy of the liver and pancreas in domestic species. These objectives include topography, lobulation, microscopic structure, blood supply, venous drainage, and innervation.

    Liver Functions

    • Detoxification and excretion: The liver removes waste products from the blood.
    • Secretion (Bile): The liver produces bile, essential for digestion
    • Storage: The liver stores lipids, vitamins (A and B), and glycogen.
    • Synthesis: The liver synthesizes albumin, clotting factors, and globulins.
    • Metabolism: The liver plays a role in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism.
    • Immune function: Kupffer cells within the liver are part of the immune system.

    Species Comparison (Liver)

    • Location: The liver is the largest abdominal gland, positioned caudal to the diaphragm, typically on the right-hand side of the abdominal cavity in most species, and often entirely moved to the right in ruminants.
    • Gall Bladder: The gall bladder is located between the right medial and quadrate lobes of the liver. Some species, notably horses and rats, lack a gall bladder in the fossa.
    • Surface Features: The liver has a strongly convex surface facing the diaphragm (parietal/ diaphragmatic surface); the opposing, concave surface faces the internal organs (visceral surface). The porta of the liver is where major vessels and the bile duct enter or leave the liver.

    Liver Lobes

    • Lobulation: Different domestic species (dogs, pigs, ruminants, horses, rabbits, sheep, cows) exhibit varying degrees of visible discrete liver lobes.

    Liver Topography (e.g., Dog and Horse)

    • Dog: The liver is related to the stomach, spleen, pancreas, kidney, duodenum, and the greater omentum. It reaches the umbilical region and extends down to the 13th thoracic vertebra.

    • Horse: Found entirely within the ribcage and positioned across the diaphragm. Its caudal margin reaches the 15th intercostal space.

    • Rabbit: The liver has five lobes and a deep cleft that divides the lobes into right and left halves. A caudate lobe is often present, attached near the porta.

    • Cow: The liver extends dorsally about as far as the last rib. Liver biopsy typically samples the 10th intercostal space (ICS)

    Liver Attachments

    • Serosa (visceral peritoneum): The liver is covered with serosa and has a thin connective tissue capsule.
    • Ligaments: The falciform ligament connects the liver to the diaphragm and ventral abdominal wall. The round ligament is a remnant of the umbilical vein. The lesser omentum (hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments) are significant for attaching the liver.

    Liver Blood Supply

    • Hepatic Portal Vein: Carries nutrient-rich venous blood from unpaired abdominal organs.
    • Hepatic Artery: Carries oxygenated blood.
    • Blood Flow: Blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery intermix in hepatic sinusoids before reaching the central veins, which eventually drain into the caudal vena cava.

    Liver Innervation

    • Nerves: The liver receives sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation, with fibres from the vagal trunk and sympathetic axons from the celiac plexus/ganglion.
    • Vagal Pathway: Vagal axons pass through the diaphragm with the esophagus to reach the abdomen and innervation target.

    Hepatic Lobule

    • Structure: Fundamental unit; hexagonal shaped. Contains a triad (portal venule, small bile duct, and hepatic arteriole) at each corner.
    • Blood Flow: Arterioles and venules empty blood into the lobule's spongy tissue, where blood flows through capillary beds known as liver sinusoids. A central vein drains the lobule.

    Bile and Bile Duct

    • Production: Bile is produced by hepatocytes (liver cells).
    • Discharge: Released into bile canaliculi.
    • Formation: Canaliculi merge to form interlobular ducts, then hepatic ducts, which eventually connect to the cystic duct and the bile duct.

    Pancreas

    • Location: Dorsal part of the abdominal cavity, often abutting the stomach and liver. Typically comprises two connected lobes.
    • Blood Supply: Coeliac and cranial mesenteric arteries supply blood.
    • Ducts: Pancreas has both a major (pancreatic) and a minor (accessory) duct; in some species (sheep, pig) only the major duct is present.
    • Location (duodenal relation): The body of the pancreas is situated near the pylorus (opening to the duodenum).

    Pancreatic and Bile Ducts (Comparative)

    • Species variation: Pancreatic and bile duct arrangements vary between species (e.g., horse, dog, cat, pig, sheep, cow). Some species may have a common opening into the duodenum, while others merge before the duct empties.

    Supportive Reading

    • Recommended texts: Specific veterinary anatomy text resources are listed for further study.

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    Related Documents

    Comparative Anatomy of the Liver and Pancreas PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the comparative anatomy of the liver and pancreas across domestic species. Topics include the functions of the liver, such as detoxification and metabolism, as well as the topographical and microscopic differences between species. Test your knowledge on these vital organs!

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