Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Anatomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of bile salts?

  • Vitamin synthesis
  • Carbohydrate breakdown
  • Protein digestion
  • Fat emulsification and absorption (correct)

    • How is bilirubin formed and what pigment does it create in feces?

  • From lipids; yellow color
  • From heme; brown color due to stercobilin (correct)
  • From cholesterol; greenish color
  • From proteins; red color

    • What mechanism of the body helps conserve bile salts?

  • Systemic absorption
  • Portal circulation
  • Hepatic metabolism
  • Enterohepatic circulation (correct)

    • What is the main function of the gallbladder?

    <p>Store and concentrate bile (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the inflammation of the liver typically due to viral infection or drug toxicity?

    <p>Hepatitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause obstructive jaundice?

    <p>Gallbladder stones blocking bile flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from cirrhosis of the liver?

    <p>Formation of scar tissue faster than hepatocyte regeneration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is NOT typically used for gallstones?

    <p>Antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures separates the liver's right and left lobes?

    <p>Falciform ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood does the portal vein bring to the liver?

    <p>Nutrient-rich blood from the intestines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type found in liver sinusoids is responsible for removing debris and old RBCs?

    <p>Stellate macrophages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced by hepatocytes as a part of bile?

    <p>Bile acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature delivers blood to the liver from both the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein?

    <p>Liver sinusoids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

    <p>Secretion of insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the liver lobule receives bile from bile canaliculi?

    <p>Bile duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of pancreatic juice?

    <p>Watery, alkaline solution with electrolytes and digestive enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary hormones that regulate bile and pancreatic secretions?

    <p>Cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the ampulla that allows bile and pancreatic juice to enter the duodenum open?

    <p>Major duodenal papilla (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protects the pancreas from self-digestion?

    <p>Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in inactive forms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pancreatic enzyme is responsible for the digestion of proteins?

    <p>Trypsin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the acini in the pancreas?

    <p>Produce zymogen granules containing proenzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the digestive process?

    <p>Stimulates the secretion of bile and pancreatic juices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the composition of pancreatic juice?

    <p>Alkaline solution containing digestive enzymes and electrolytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are bile and pancreatic juice secretions primarily regulated?

    <p>Through neural and hormonal mechanisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls the entry of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum?

    <p>Hepatopancreatic sphincter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Liver's role in digestion

    The liver produces bile, which helps break down fats in the small intestine.

    Gallbladder Function

    Stores bile produced by the liver, releasing it for digestion.

    Pancreas role

    Supplies digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

    Liver size

    The liver is the largest gland in the body, weighing approximately 3 pounds.

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    Liver Lobules

    Hexagonal units of liver tissue that process blood for filtering and nutrient processing.

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    Portal Triad Contents

    Each liver lobule corner contains a branch of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile duct.

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    Liver Sinusoids

    Leaky capillaries located between hepatocytes that allow blood to percolate.

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    Liver's detoxification

    The liver converts toxic ammonia into urea for elimination.

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    Bile Function

    Bile emulsifies fats, aiding their absorption.

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    Bile Composition

    Bile contains bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, and electrolytes.

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    Enterohepatic Circulation

    Recycling of bile salts from the intestines back to the liver.

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    Hepatitis

    Liver inflammation, often viral or due to toxicity.

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    Cirrhosis Cause

    Progressive liver damage caused by chronic hepatitis or alcohol abuse.

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    Gallstones Cause

    Too much cholesterol or too few bile salts cause gallstones.

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    Obstructive Jaundice

    Jaundice (yellow skin) caused by bile blockage.

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    Pancreas's main function

    The pancreas plays two crucial roles: secreting digestive enzymes (exocrine) and producing hormones like insulin and glucagon (endocrine).

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    What are zymogen granules?

    Zymogen granules are tiny packages within pancreatic cells containing inactive digestive enzymes (proenzymes).

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    Pancreatic juice composition

    Pancreatic juice is an alkaline liquid consisting mainly of water, bicarbonate ions, and digestive enzymes that break down proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids.

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    What does CCK do?

    Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone released by the duodenum in response to fatty food. It stimulates bile release from the gallbladder and pancreatic juice secretion.

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    Hepatopancreatic sphincter's role

    This sphincter regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum, allowing their release only during active digestion.

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    Pancreas Location

    The pancreas is situated behind the stomach, with its head nestled within the duodenum's curve and its tail touching the spleen.

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    Exocrine Pancreas Function

    The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice through a duct, containing enzymes for digestion. These enzymes are stored as inactive proenzymes in clusters of cells called acini.

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    Endocrine Pancreas Function

    The pancreas also produces hormones like insulin and glucagon by specialized cells called pancreatic islets.

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    Hepatopancreatic Ampulla

    The common bile duct and pancreatic duct join in a bulb-like structure called the hepatopancreatic ampulla, which opens into the duodenum.

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    Study Notes

    Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

    • The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are accessory organs aiding the small intestine in digestion.
    • Liver: Produces bile, essential for fat emulsification.
    • Gallbladder: Stores bile.
    • Pancreas: Provides digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

    Liver Gross Anatomy

    • Largest gland in the body (~3 lbs).
    • Four primary lobes: right, left, caudate, and quadrate.
    • Falciform ligament: Separates right and left lobes, anchors liver to diaphragm and abdominal wall.
    • Round ligament: Remnant of fetal umbilical vein.
    • Lesser omentum: Anchors liver to the stomach.
    • Blood supply through hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein, entering at porta hepatis.
    • Bile ducts: Common hepatic duct carries bile away from the liver and joins the cystic duct (from gallbladder) to form the bile duct.

    Liver Microscopic Anatomy

    • Liver lobules: Hexagonal structural and functional units.
    • Hepatocytes (liver cells): Filter and process nutrient-rich blood within plates.
    • Central vein: Located along the longitudinal axis of the lobule.
    • Portal triad: Located in each corner of the lobule, comprising:
      • Hepatic artery branch: Supplies oxygen.
      • Hepatic portal vein branch: Brings nutrient-rich blood from intestine.
      • Bile duct: Receives bile from bile canaliculi.
    • Liver sinusoids: Leaky capillaries between hepatic plates. Blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery percolates through sinusoids, emptying into the central vein.
    • Stellate macrophages: Remove debris and old red blood cells in liver sinusoids.
    • Hepatocytes: Extensive rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria. Functions include bile production (~900 ml/day), nutrient processing (e.g., glucose storage as glycogen, plasma protein synthesis), vitamin storage (fat-soluble), and detoxification (e.g., ammonia to urea).

    Bile

    • Yellow-green, alkaline solution, composed of:
      • Bile salts: Cholesterol derivatives, emulsify and absorb fats.
      • Bilirubin: Pigment from heme, broken down by bacteria in intestines to stercobilin (gives feces brown color).
      • Cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and electrolytes.
    • Enterohepatic circulation: Recycles bile salts.
      • Bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum and returned to the liver via hepatic portal blood. About 95% of bile salts are recycled.

    Gallbladder

    • Thin-walled muscular sac on liver's ventral surface.
    • Stores and concentrates bile by absorbing water and ions.
    • Honeycomb folds for expansion.
    • Muscular contractions release bile via cystic duct, which flows into the bile duct.

    Liver and Gallbladder Imbalances

    • Liver:
      • Hepatitis: Inflammation (viral, drug toxicity, obesity).
      • Cirrhosis: Chronic inflammation (from chronic hepatitis or alcoholism), progressive scarring (connective tissue regenerates faster than hepatocytes). Liver transplants are used but organs are rare. The liver can regenerate to full size within 6-12 months after 80% removal.
    • Gallbladder:
      • Gallstones: Too much cholesterol or too few bile salts, obstruct bile flow, painful when gallbladder contracts against crystals.
      • Obstructive jaundice: Blocked bile flow causes bile salts and pigments to build up in blood, resulting in yellow skin. Factors include liver failure.
      • Treatment options: Crystal-dissolving drugs, ultrasound vibrations (lithotripsy), laser vaporization, or surgery.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. This quiz covers both gross and microscopic structures, as well as their roles in digestion. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or physiology.

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