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Genetics: Chapter 02 Extensions to Mendel’s Laws Quiz
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Genetics: Chapter 02 Extensions to Mendel’s Laws Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which term refers to the phenomenon of a single gene determining several distinct and seemingly unrelated characteristics?

  • Epistasis
  • Pleiotropy (correct)
  • Penetrance
  • Dominant epistasis

    • What is the term for the percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that show the expected phenotype?

  • Epistasis
  • Homozygosity
  • Penetrance (correct)
  • Expressivity

    • In Labrador retrievers, which allele is epistatic to B and determines the yellow coat color?

  • Gene B
  • Incomplete dominance
  • Recessive allele ee (correct)
  • Gene E

    • What masks the effects of another gene in the case of recessive epistasis?

    <p>Homozygous recessive allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a phenotype?

    <p>Expressivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes phenotypic variation for some traits due to the effects of modifier genes, environment, or pure chance?

    <p>Pure chance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In summer squash, what is a dominant allele that prevents pigment deposition and is epistatic to any A allele?

    <p>Gene B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon where the effects of an allele at one gene mask the effects of another gene?

    <p>Dominant epistasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause a phenotype arising from an environmental agent that mimics the effect of a mutant gene and is not heritable?

    <p>Phenocopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the effects of an allele at one gene masking the effects of another gene?

    <p>Epistasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Labrador retrievers, what allele determines the black and brown coat color?

    <p>Gene B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a single gene or two genes control a trait based on the results of crosses?

    <p>Pure chance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about ABO blood types is most accurate?

    <p>ABO blood types are determined by two alleles of one gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the mouse agouti gene in controlling hair color?

    <p>The wild-type allele produces yellow and black pigment in hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of a gene having more than one common allele?

    <p>High-frequency alleles of polymorphic genes are often referred to as common variants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibodies relate to ABO blood group genetics?

    <p>Type AB individuals produce antibodies against type A and type B sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of mutations in gamete-producing cells?

    <p>Mutations in gamete-producing cells can be transmitted to offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the number of alleles affect ABO blood type inheritance?

    <p>Multiple alleles of the gene for ABO blood types may segregate in populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of a gene having more than 1200 alleles?

    <p>It leads to enormous phenotypic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes dominance relations for ABO blood types?

    <p>Dominance relations are unique to a pair of alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of mutations on genetic material?

    <p>Mutations may arise spontaneously and can be transmitted to offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do alleles with high frequency in polymorphic genes refer to?

    <p>High-frequency alleles are often referred to as common variants or polymorphisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histocompatibility antigens encoded by the HLA genes?

    <p>They present on all cells except RBCs and sperm and facilitate proper immune response to foreign antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about ABO blood types is accurate?

    <p>Each individual carries only one allele for ABO blood types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon of a single gene determining several distinct and seemingly unrelated characteristics called?

    <p>Pleiotropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Labrador retrievers, which allele is epistatic to gene B and determines the yellow coat color?

    <p>Recessive allele ee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the effects of an allele at one gene masking the effects of another gene?

    <p>Epistasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the black and brown coat color in Labrador retrievers?

    <p>Allele B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes phenotypic variation for some traits due to the effects of modifier genes, environment, or pure chance?

    <p>Polygenic inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that show the expected phenotype?

    <p>Penetrance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In summer squash, what is a dominant allele that prevents pigment deposition and is epistatic to any A allele?

    <p>Dominant allele B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does gene E play in determining coat color in Labrador retrievers?

    <p>Helps generate eumelanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Incomplete dominance differs from complete dominance in that it results in phenotypes that are:

    <p>Similar to heterozygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biochemical explanation for dominant epistasis in summer squash?

    <p>Dominant allele B prevents pigment deposition by any A allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of a gene having more than one common allele?

    <p>Multiply viable alleles with different dominance relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the ABO blood types?

    <p>Each individual can carry up to three alleles for the ABO blood types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes dominance relations for the ABO blood types?

    <p>The dominance relations are relative to a second allele and are unique to a pair of alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of a gene having more than 1200 alleles?

    <p>The gene is considered polymorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histocompatibility antigens encoded by the HLA genes?

    <p>They facilitate the proper immune response to foreign antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do alleles with high frequency in polymorphic genes refer to?

    <p>They are often referred to as common variants or polymorphisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes phenotypic variation for some traits due to the effects of modifier genes, environment, or pure chance?

    <p>The interaction of modifier genes, environment, or pure chance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the effects of an allele at one gene masking the effects of another gene?

    <p>Recessive epistasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of mutations on genetic material?

    <p>They cause chance alterations of genetic material that arise spontaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon called when a single gene determines several distinct and seemingly unrelated characteristics?

    <p>Pleiotropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Labrador retrievers, which allele is epistatic to gene B and determines the yellow coat color?

    <p>E recessive allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that show the expected phenotype?

    <p>Penetrance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the effects of an allele at one gene masking the effects of another gene?

    <p>Epistasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes phenotypic variation for some traits due to the effects of modifier genes, environment, or pure chance?

    <p>Environmental influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes dominance relations for ABO blood types?

    <p>Codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the implications of a gene having more than two alleles?

    <p>Increased phenotypic variation due to a greater number of possible genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histocompatibility antigens encoded by the HLA genes?

    <p>They facilitate proper immune response to foreign antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes dominance relations for ABO blood types?

    <p>ABO blood types have co-dominant relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of a gene having more than one common allele?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of polymorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes phenotypic variation for some traits due to the effects of modifier genes, environment, or pure chance?

    <p>Modifier genes, environment, or pure chance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Labrador retrievers, which allele is epistatic to gene B and determines the yellow coat color?

    <p>Gene E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the effects of an allele at one gene masking the effects of another gene?

    <p>Dominant epistasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that show the expected phenotype?

    <p>Penetrance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause a phenotype arising from an environmental agent that mimics the effect of a mutant gene and is not heritable?

    <p>Phenocopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes phenotypic variation for some traits due to the effects of modifier genes, environment, or pure chance?

    <p>Modifier genes, environment, or pure chance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about ABO blood types is accurate?

    <p>ABO blood type alleles are always co-dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the mouse agouti gene in controlling hair color?

    <p>It controls hair color in lab mice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Epistasis and Dominance

    • Epistasis: a single gene determines several distinct and seemingly unrelated characteristics
    • Epistatic allele: masks the effects of another gene in recessive epistasis
    • In Labrador retrievers, the allele E is epistatic to B and determines the yellow coat color

    Penetrance

    • Penetrance: the percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that show the expected phenotype
    • Measure of the degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a phenotype

    ABO Blood Types

    • Statement about ABO blood types: multiple alleles (A, B, O) and dominance relations between them
    • Antibodies relate to ABO blood group genetics: immune response to A and B antigens on red blood cells
    • Histocompatibility antigens encoded by the HLA genes: play a role in ABO blood type inheritance

    Coat Color Genetics

    • In Labrador retrievers, the allele B determines the black and brown coat color
    • Gene E plays a role in determining coat color in Labrador retrievers
    • Agouti gene in mice: controls hair color

    General Genetics

    • Phenotypic variation: caused by effects of modifier genes, environment, or pure chance
    • Mutations: can cause phenotypic variation, and affect genetic material
    • Alleles with high frequency in polymorphic genes: common alleles
    • Incomplete dominance: results in phenotypes that are intermediate between the two parental phenotypes

    Summer Squash

    • Dominant allele: prevents pigment deposition and is epistatic to any A allele
    • Biochemical explanation for dominant epistasis: prevention of pigment deposition

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