Lectures for PSY 108 final

Study Flashcards Play Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is the study of speech sounds and their function in language?

Phonology

What is the term for rules that convert deep structures into surface structures in language?

Transformational rules

What is an example of a factor that affects eye fixations during reading?

Word frequency

What is the term for the fluent speech with meaningless content often seen in individuals with brain damage affecting language areas?

Wernicke's Aphasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of recognizing words visually without phonetic decoding?

Direct-Access Route Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to understand and extract meaning from written text?

Reading comprehension Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the hemisphere of the brain superior in language abilities?

Left Hemisphere Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of drawing inferences while reading?

Inferencing Signup and view all the answers

What is the current approach recommended for teaching reading to children?

Balanced Approach Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the internal structure of words?

Morphology Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of a category according to the feature analytic approach?

A typical but not necessary character of a category Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue with the prototype theory?

It cannot explain variability within categories Signup and view all the answers

What is an exemplar?

A specific instance or example of a category Signup and view all the answers

According to the exemplar theory, how do people make category judgments?

By comparing new instances to stored exemplars Signup and view all the answers

What is the weakest hypothesis of linguistic relativity?

Language influences memory Signup and view all the answers

What is linguistic relativity?

The idea that language influences thought processes and perceptions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of schemas in relation to general knowledge?

To organize and guide our attention and memory Signup and view all the answers

What is psycholinguistics?

The study of the psychological aspects of language Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between prototype theory and exemplar theory?

Prototype theory forms an abstract prototype, while exemplar theory stores individual instances Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a superordinate category?

Animal Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is responsible for recalling specific events that were personally experienced?

Episodic memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of semantic memory?

To organize objects according to concepts Signup and view all the answers

According to the defining-attribute theory, how are concepts represented?

As a list of defining attributes Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of reaction time studies in the context of semantic memory?

People respond faster to related concepts Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge to the defining-attribute theory?

Typicality effects Signup and view all the answers

What do typicality effects refer to?

The phenomenon where typical instances of a category are processed more quickly and accurately than atypical instances Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of episodic memory?

Recalling what happened during the last football game that you attended Signup and view all the answers

What does semantic memory allow us to do?

Make inferences going beyond the information given Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of working memory in reading?

To hold and manipulate information in the mind Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of meta-comprehension skills?

To monitor and regulate one's own comprehension process Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between prescriptive and descriptive models of decision making?

Prescriptive models involve weighing all outcomes, while descriptive models focus on real-world decision-making processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between satisficers and maximizers?

Maximizers tend to examine as many options as possible, while satisficers settle for good-enough outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Classical Decision Theory?

It assumes decision makers knew all options and rationally chose to maximize value Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the representativeness heuristic?

Judging the likelihood of an event based on similarity to a population Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences the availability heuristic?

Media and vividness Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic?

Starting with an initial guess and adjusting based on additional information Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the framing effect?

How the wording of a question influences decision making Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the planning fallacy?

The tendency to underestimate the time, costs, and risks involved in completing a task Signup and view all the answers

What is the hindsight bias in problem solving?

Overestimating one's ability to predict events and outcomes retrospectively Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of well-defined problems?

Clear steps and explicit parameters Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of analogy use in problem solving?

To recognize similarities between problems and solve new ones Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of the hill climbing technique?

It can get stuck in local maxima Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between insight and non-insight problems?

The sudden restructuring of the problem representation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of physical distance on insight problem solving?

It leads to a more abstract representation of the problem Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of ill-defined problems?

Vague steps and subjective solutions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of expertise in problem solving?

It enhances specific memory skills, speed, and accuracy Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of right hemisphere activation in insight problem solving?

Holistic processing, pattern recognition, and sudden shifts in problem-solving strategies Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in metacognitive strategies between insight and non-insight problems?

Metacognitive strategies vary depending on the problem type Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Episodic and Semantic Memory

Episodic memory: recollection of specific events personally experienced (e.g., recalling a football game attended)
Semantic memory: organized knowledge about words and concepts (e.g., knowing that football is a sport)
Semantic memory allows:
- Organizing objects by concepts
- Making inferences
- Identifying similarities

Theories of General Knowledge

Defining-Attribute Theory

Concepts are represented by a list of defining attributes
Concepts are organized into networks with connected nodes and links
Key characteristics:
- Hierarchical organization observed in semantic memory
- Reaction time studies show faster responses to closely related concepts
Challenges:
- Typicality effects: typical instances of a category are processed more quickly than atypical instances

Feature Analytic Approach

Defining features: necessary features of a category
Characteristic features: typical but not necessary features
Deals with typicality effects by acknowledging graded membership within categories

Prototype Theory

Idealized representations of a category with typical features
3 levels of prototypes:
- Superordinate: broad categories (e.g., animal, plant, tool)
- Basic level: psychologically privileged categories (e.g., cat, tree, saw)
- Subordinate: highly specific categories (e.g., Siamese cat, elm, hacksaw)
Supports:
- Experimental evidence for basic level categories
Issues:
- Difficulty accounting for variability within categories and context-dependent categorization

Exemplar Theory

Specific instances or examples of a category stored in memory
Differs from prototype theory in storing individual instances rather than forming an abstract prototype
Issues:
- Implausible to remember every example of every category
- Computational expense grows with the number of exemplars
- Difficulty explaining category formation without direct experience

Schemas and General Knowledge

Schemas: cognitive structures organizing knowledge and expectations about specific domains
Guide attention, interpretation, and memory of events or experiences
Bartlett's War of Ghosts study: demonstrates schemas' influence on memory and cognition
Impact of schemas on memory selection:
- Influence what information is encoded, stored, and retrieved from memory
- Guide attention towards schema-consistent information and away from schema-inconsistent information

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.