Questions and Answers
Which type of memory is responsible for brief storage of sensory information in sensory registers?
Sensory Memory
What is the process of transferring information from Short-Term Memory to Long-Term Memory?
Consolidation
Which theory of forgetting suggests that new information interferes with existing memories?
Interference Theory
What is the process of interpreting and understanding sensory information from the environment?
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Which type of processing involves analysis of basic sensory features to form a complete perception?
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What is the theory of perception that suggests perception is a direct result of sensory information?
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Which factor influences perception by selectively focusing on certain stimuli or tasks?
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What is the process of taking in information and storing it in memory?
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Study Notes
Memory
Types of Memory:
- Sensory Memory: brief storage of sensory information in sensory registers (e.g., iconic memory for visual, echoic memory for auditory)
- Short-Term Memory (STM): limited capacity, information held for seconds to minutes
- Long-Term Memory (LTM): permanent storage, unlimited capacity, information retained for extended periods
Memory Processes:
- Encoding: process of taking in information and storing it in memory
- Consolidation: process of transferring information from STM to LTM
- Retrieval: process of accessing stored information from memory
Forgetting:
- Decay Theory: memories fade over time due to lack of use
- Interference Theory: new information interferes with existing memories
- Repression: unconscious forgetting of traumatic or painful memories
Perception
Definition:
- Perception: the process of interpreting and understanding sensory information from the environment
Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Processing:
- Bottom-Up Processing: analysis of basic sensory features (e.g., line, color) to form a complete perception
- Top-Down Processing: use of higher-level knowledge and expectations to influence perception
Factors Influencing Perception:
- Attention: selective focus on certain stimuli or tasks
- Context: surrounding environment and prior experiences affect perception
- Expectations: prior knowledge and biases influence perception
- Motivation: goals and desires influence perception
- Emotions: emotional state affects perception
Theories of Perception:
- Direct Perception Theory: perception is a direct result of sensory information
- Constructivist Theory: perception is an active construction of reality based on past experiences and expectations
Memory
Types of Memory
- Sensory Memory: brief storage of sensory information in sensory registers, e.g., iconic memory for visual, echoic memory for auditory
- Short-Term Memory (STM): limited capacity, information held for seconds to minutes
- Long-Term Memory (LTM): permanent storage, unlimited capacity, information retained for extended periods
Memory Processes
- Encoding: taking in information and storing it in memory
- Consolidation: transferring information from STM to LTM
- Retrieval: accessing stored information from memory
Forgetting
- Decay Theory: memories fade over time due to lack of use
- Interference Theory: new information interferes with existing memories
- Repression: unconscious forgetting of traumatic or painful memories
Perception
Definition
- Perception: the process of interpreting and understanding sensory information from the environment
Processing
- Bottom-Up Processing: analysis of basic sensory features (e.g., line, color) to form a complete perception
- Top-Down Processing: use of higher-level knowledge and expectations to influence perception
Influencing Factors
- Attention: selective focus on certain stimuli or tasks
- Context: surrounding environment and prior experiences affect perception
- Expectations: prior knowledge and biases influence perception
- Motivation: goals and desires influence perception
- Emotions: emotional state affects perception
Theories
- Direct Perception Theory: perception is a direct result of sensory information
- Constructivist Theory: perception is an active construction of reality based on past experiences and expectations
